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   Climate Forward: How global warming is making armed conflict worse.
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   Climate change is “unambiguously worsening” conditions that contribute to clashes, a new study says.
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             Global Correspondent, Climate
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                  Ukrainian servicemen distributed water in Mariupol, near the Russian border in the country’s south, this month.
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             If you’ve read the work of
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              brave journalists in Mariupol
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             this week, you know that the people of that city are trying to survive not just shelling by Russian forces. They are also trying to survive without water.
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             This is, unfortunately, a recurrent feature of war.
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             We witnessed it in Syria in 2016, for instance, when the
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              residents of Aleppo
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             , the northern city besieged by government forces, were deprived of running water. We saw it again the following year, when residents of the capital,
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Damascus, had their taps run dry
             </a>
             as both sides in the war accused each other of damaging water infrastructure.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             In 2018, clashes between rival groups destroyed water tanks at a hospital near the city of Hodeidah, in Yemen. In 2019, Al Shabab, an extremist group, blew up a water tank in Somalia.
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             These are documented in a logbook of human cruelty, published this week by an Oakland-based research group called the Pacific Institute. It’s called the
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Water Conflict Chronology
             </a>
             , and it enumerates episodes throughout human history where access to water has triggered unrest or become a weapon of war. Sometimes water resources become what the report calls a “casualty” of conflict: Tankers are blown up, wells are poisoned.
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             Climate change can intensify the risks. A hotter planet often makes dry places drier and hotter, supercharging competition over an already-scarce resource. How much of a role climate change plays in each conflict is hard to know, and, most certainly, poor management and rising demand for water play a role equally if not more important.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             But, said Peter Gleick, president emeritus of the Pacific Institute, who has studied water conflicts for decades, “climate change is unambiguously worsening the very conditions that contribute to water conflicts: drought, scarcity and inequities.”
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             Water conflicts have gone up sharply in the last 20 years, the study found. My colleagues have written about many of them.
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Farmers and herders
             </a>
             have clashed in parts of Africa over access to water, conflicts all the more acute in a region that has suffered from abnormally bad droughts. Antigovernment protests
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              have erupted in Iran
             </a>
             over
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              scarce water
             </a>
             . Water-sharing has riven several former Soviet states of Central Asia that straddle the
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Amu Darya River
             </a>
             .
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Since 2000, Gleick pointed out, a fourth of the conflicts triggered by access to water have been in three water-scarce areas pummeled by global warming: the Middle East, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Separately, the
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              United Nations University estimated
             </a>
             that 19 countries in Africa with a total population of 500 million people face water insecurity. At the top of that list are three countries that are no strangers to conflict: Chad, Niger and Somalia. Most nations on the continent face higher levels of risk to extreme weather events, that study adds, as climate change makes them more frequent and more severe, outpacing the countries’ ability to adapt.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             In wealthy countries, few places are feeling the impacts of climate change on the water supply as acutely as Gleick’s home state of California.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The long-running drought affecting the Western United States is
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              likely to go on through this spring
             </a>
             , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday. As my colleague Maggie Astor reported, most of California is
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              returning to “severe” or “extreme” drought
             </a>
             after a brief respite over the winter. In Central California, the fruit and nut basket of the country, the three-year precipitation total is “likely to be the lowest since modern record-keeping began in 1922,” Maggie reported.
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                  Transmission lines from a coal-fired Tennessee Valley Authority power plant in West Paducah, Ky.
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                  Ryan Hermens/The Paducah Sun, via Associated Press
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             Essential news
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              A huge investment in fossil fuels:
             </span>
             The Tennessee Valley Authority, defying President Biden’s clean energy goals, plans to spend billions on
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              gas-burning power plants
             </a>
             .
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             <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit">
              The search continues for a bank cop:
             </span>
             Biden withdrew his nomination of Sarah Bloom Raskin to be the Fed’s top bank regulator amid
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              a backlash over her views on climate risks
             </a>
             .
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              Is Russian oil still flowing?
             </span>
             Ukrainian officials say tanker ships, including several chartered by U.S.-based companies, are
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              continuing to transport oil from Russian ports
             </a>
             .
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              A call to save energy:
             </span>
             With a global crunch looming, the International Energy Agency called on countries to
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              encourage conservation
             </a>
             .
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              Activists flex their political muscle:
             </span>
             Environmental groups want elected leaders to confront oil companies over high gas prices. Some
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Democrats seem to be listening
             </a>
             .
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              What the war means for electric cars:
             </span>
             The price of nickel, an essential ingredient in most batteries, has soared because of
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              fears that Russian supplies could be cut off
             </a>
             .
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              Inside the search for Endurance:
             </span>
             More than a century after sinking in Antarctic waters, Ernest Shackleton’s ship was found with
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              just days left in the expedition
             </a>
             .
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               An estimated 6,000 tons of plastic waste flows out of the Ganges River each year. National Geographic wrote about
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                efforts to clean it up
               </a>
               .
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              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               European Union leaders have agreed in principle on a proposed regulation that would place
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                a fee on many carbon-heavy imports
               </a>
               , Climatewire wrote.
              </span>
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              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               A breakthrough in geothermal energy
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                could change our power grid
               </a>
               , according to Grist.
              </span>
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              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               Oregon has hired its first-ever anti-poaching prosecutor to crack down on
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                a spike in illegal wildlife killing in the state
               </a>
               , Oregon Public Broadcasting reported.
              </span>
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              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               Beavers are back in London, The Independent reported, thanks to
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                an effort to rewild the British capital
               </a>
               .
              </span>
             </li>
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                <span>
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                  Boys sold ice cream on the main road in Vila Mocotó, in northern Brazil, as smoke rose from a burn at a settler’s clearing.
                 </span>
                 <span class="css-hpkdsj esd8w5v3" style="margin:0;font:normal 11px georgia,serif;padding-left:5px;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
                  Joao Castellano for The New York Times
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             Before you go: The war for the rainforest
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             The Ituna-Itatá preserve in Brazil is a grim illustration of the intractable forces destroying the Amazon. It was meant to serve a dual purpose: slowing deforestation through broad restrictions on logging, ranching and mining, while simultaneously protecting Indigenous cultures. Instead, since the election of President Jair Bolsonaro, in 2018, it’s become
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              one of the most invaded Indigenous territories in the country
             </a>
             .
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