Inboxes

Create an inbox to save and track emails. It's free!

+New inbox
Back
Back
Back 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="//www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml">
 <head>
  <title>
   DealBook: Inflation in wartime
  </title>
  <!--[if !mso]><!-- -->
  <meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/>
  <!--<![endif]-->
  <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
  <meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
  <style type="text/css">
   #outlook a{padding:0}body{margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}table,td{border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-lspace:0;mso-table-rspace:0}img{border:0;height:auto;line-height:100%;outline:0;text-decoration:none;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}p{display:block;margin:13px 0}p,ul{margin-top:0}@media (max-width:600px){body{padding:0 15px!important}}
  </style>
  <!--[if mso]>
        <xml>
        <o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
          <o:AllowPNG/>
          <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch>
        </o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
        </xml>
        <![endif]-->
  <style type="text/css">
   @media (max-width:480px){.css-1jpu573{padding:20px 0 15px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-1nu1ipb img{width:100%!important}}.css-5nb5nb:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none!important;text-decoration:none!important}@media (max-width:600px){.css-13ktpoc{height:auto!important;padding-top:5px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-1am1dwg{padding-top:3px!important;padding-bottom:15px!important;line-height:12px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-atnqj9{font-size:normal 12px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-eu0g1z{font-size:normal 11px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-fd883z{height:10px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-12n1aic{font-size:25px!important;line-height:30px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-1q4lnbl{margin-bottom:5px!important;letter-spacing:.5px!important}}.css-1iyjcs6:hover{border-bottom:none!important}.css-14cwm9a:hover{border-bottom:none!important}.css-1vpmr0r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none!important;text-decoration:none!important}@media (max-width:480px){.css-ge16ha{display:inline-block}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-g1j07a{border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc!important;padding-right:10px!important;margin-right:10px!important}}@media (max-width:480px){.css-5zpqw8{display:inline-block!important}}
  </style>
 </head>
 <body>
  <div style="color:transparent;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;font-size:0px;border:0;max-height:1px;width:1px;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-width:0px!important;display:none!important;line-height:0px!important;">
   <img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fnl.nytimes.com%252Fq%252FY9fbsjwpBYoayrObVLwlBg~~%252FAAAAAQA~%252FRgRkGEr1PVcDbnl0QgpiKvXFNWJIJriWUhNhZThiODM5YkB1aWZlZWQuY29tWAQAAAAA/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZubC5ueXRpbWVzLiJ9:1nVXlP:QctTh0jknkN2e0nkHhu24OJUWRPOTNkhbrNJteCvoSI" width="1"/>
  </div>
  <div style="display:none;font-size:1px;color:#fff;line-height:1px;max-height:0;max-width:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden">
   Looking back in history for ideas about how to tame rising prices.
  </div>
  <div>
   <!--[if mso | IE]>
      <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto" width="600" align="center">
        <tr>
          <td>
    <![endif]-->
   <table align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" border="0" style="margin:0" width="100%">
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <td align="left" id="EMAIL_CONTAINER" width="100%">
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr style="width:100%">
           <td style="padding:15px 0 5px;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;text-align:center;width:100%">
            <div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;text-align:center;width:100%;padding-bottom:10px">
             <a alt="View in browser" style="color:#666;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:18px">
              View in browser
             </a>
             <span style="color:#dcdcdc;margin:0 10px">
              |
             </span>
             <a alt="The New York Times" style="color:#666;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:18px">
              nytimes.com
             </a>
            </div>
            <a style="display:block;width:1px;height:1px;max-height:1px;overflow:hidden;color:transparent">
             Continue reading the main story
            </a>
            <span style="width:100%;text-align:center">
             <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
              <tr>
               <td align="center" colspan="2">
                <a rel="nofollow">
                 <img border="0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D269024%2526li%253DDK%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px !important;" width="600"/>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
               <td height="10px">
               </td>
              </tr>
             </table>
            </span>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr id="_a11y-skip-ad-marquee" style="width:100%">
           <td align="center" class="css-1jpu573 e2w5h5p0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:19px 0 20px;width:100%;text-align:center" width="100%">
            <div class="css-1nu1ipb e2w5h5p2" style="margin-bottom:15px">
             <a alt="DealBook">
              <img alt="DealBook" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nytimes.com%252Femail-images%252FNew_Headers%252FNYT-Headers-F-DealBook%25402x.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSJ9:1nVXlP:Ls5PRjekxDu7zxC-zSve25qhHApgfKMB3Zp3pITutdo" style="width:300px" width="300"/>
             </a>
            </div>
            <p style="width:100%;margin-bottom:0;font:12px/12px georgia,serif">
             March 19, 2022
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="20" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              Good morning. This week, the Federal Reserve announced the first of many planned interest rate increases to rein in high inflation, which has been pushed even higher by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In today’s newsletter, we go back — way back — in history for ideas about what to do, and what not to do, about rising prices during times of strife.
             </span>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              (Was this newsletter forwarded to you?
             </span>
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
               Sign up here.
              </a>
             </span>
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              )
             </span>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="10" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td bgcolor="#000000" height="8" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="25" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-spacing:0;font-family:arial,sans-serif;color:#333;padding:0;background:#fff" width="100%">
             <tbody>
              <tr>
               <td style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1" width="100%">
                <img class="css-13ktpoc e1e3sevz0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2022%252F03%252F19%252Fbusiness%252F19db-inflation-wartime%252F19db-inflation-wartime-articleLarge.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSJ9:1nVXlP:Ls5PRjekxDu7zxC-zSve25qhHApgfKMB3Zp3pITutdo" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto;padding-top:5px"/>
               </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
               <td align="right" class="css-1am1dwg esd8w5v1" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:10px;line-height:14px" width="100%">
                <span>
                 <span class="css-atnqj9 esd8w5v2" style="margin:0;font:normal 14px georgia,serif;color:#666">
                 </span>
                 <span class="css-eu0g1z esd8w5v3" style="margin:0;font:normal 11px georgia,serif;padding-left:0;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
                  Illustration by The New York Times; Photo by Gary Cameron/Reuters
                 </span>
                </span>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </tbody>
            </table>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td class="css-fd883z eagip7l0" height="20" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <h2 class="css-12n1aic el2acgh0" style="color:#000;font:700 25px/32px arial,sans-serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             How to fight inflation in wartime
            </h2>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding:0 0 15px;vertical-align:middle" valign="middle">
            <p style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#000;margin-bottom:0;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif">
             By
             <!-- -->
             <!-- -->
             Roger Lowenstein
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Many Americans have never experienced rapid inflation, and they are looking for lessons from history about how to tame it.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             That’s why the late 1970s and early 1980s are an increasingly popular topic of discussion among policymakers, particularly the experience of Paul Volcker, the former Federal Reserve chair who quashed high inflation in those years with aggressive rate increases. Jerome H. Powell, the current chair of the Federal Reserve, which
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              began raising rates
             </a>
             this week to fight persistently rising prices,
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              recently called
             </a>
             Mr. Volcker “one of the great public servants” of his era.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Recent inflation is getting harder to explain away as a temporary symptom of supply chain disruptions and
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              trillions of dollars
             </a>
             in emergency government stimulus. And it’s now being fueled by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which is pushing up energy prices in particular.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="padding:0">
            <a style="display:block;width:1px;height:1px;max-height:1px;overflow:hidden;color:transparent">
             Continue reading the main story
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="10px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding:15px 0;border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;text-align:center;background-color:#fff">
            <h3 class="css-1q4lnbl e1vokjcl1" color="#666666" style="font:10px/13px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;letter-spacing:.7px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;text-align:center">
             ADVERTISEMENT
            </h3>
            <span style="width:100%;text-align:center">
             <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 auto;">
              <tr>
               <td colspan="2">
                <a rel="nofollow">
                 <img border="0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D269018%2526li%253DDK%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px !important;" width="600"/>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </table>
            </span>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="20px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div id="_a11y-skip-0" style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             War has always spelled inflation. And looking back further — much further — into history provokes some ideas about how to contain it.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             During the American Civil War, the Union and the Confederate governments each spent tremendous sums. Leaders on both sides were deeply worried about the possibility of runaway inflation. But the ways they addressed it were starkly different, as were the results.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             In the Union, inflation over the course of the war totaled 80 percent. This was a serious burden for working families — then, as now, wages did not keep pace. Still, inflation was kept within reasonable limits given the circumstances and did not destabilize the economy.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The Confederacy fared much worse. It has been estimated that by the end of the fighting, in 1865, the South’s inflation rate overall was an unfathomable 9,000 percent.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="padding:0">
            <a style="display:block;width:1px;height:1px;max-height:1px;overflow:hidden;color:transparent">
             Continue reading the main story
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="10px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding:15px 0;border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;text-align:center;background-color:#fff">
            <h3 class="css-1q4lnbl e1vokjcl1" color="#666666" style="font:10px/13px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;letter-spacing:.7px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;text-align:center">
             ADVERTISEMENT
            </h3>
            <span style="width:100%;text-align:center">
             <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 auto;">
              <tr>
               <td colspan="2">
                <a rel="nofollow">
                 <img border="0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D791919%2526li%253DDK%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px !important;" width="600"/>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </table>
            </span>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="20px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div id="_a11y-skip-1" style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Granted, the U.S. economy has changed a lot since the 1860s. For one thing, it now has a central bank, which has a mandate to maintain stable prices. During the pandemic, the Fed under Mr. Powell has
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              pushed its powers
             </a>
             , which steadied markets but also stoked inflation. Now, much of the focus is on the Fed to unwind these programs, and raise rates, to bring prices down.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             But fiscal policy is also a factor, as shown by the increasing worry over deficits as President Biden enacts an ambitious, and still unfinished,
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              spending program
             </a>
             . During the Civil War, the fiscal policies of the North and South markedly diverged.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <h2 class="css-12n1aic el2acgh0" style="color:#000;font:700 25px/32px arial,sans-serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             Up North
            </h2>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Annual spending in the Union reached a staggering 16 times its prewar budget. Despite the need for funds, there was great fear in Congress of increasing taxes because of Americans’ well-known antipathy to taxation.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             But Salmon P. Chase, the fiscally conservative Treasury secretary, was mortally afraid of inflation. He recognized that without revenue the government would have to resort to the printing press. After the southern states seceded, interest rates on the country’s debt soared and foreigners refused to lend.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="padding:0">
            <a style="display:block;width:1px;height:1px;max-height:1px;overflow:hidden;color:transparent">
             Continue reading the main story
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="10px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding:15px 0;border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;text-align:center;background-color:#fff">
            <h3 class="css-1q4lnbl e1vokjcl1" color="#666666" style="font:10px/13px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;letter-spacing:.7px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;text-align:center">
             ADVERTISEMENT
            </h3>
            <span style="width:100%;text-align:center">
             <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 auto;">
              <tr>
               <td colspan="2">
                <a rel="nofollow">
                 <img border="0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D269021%2526li%253DDK%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px !important;" width="600"/>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </table>
            </span>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="20px" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div id="_a11y-skip-2" style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Thaddeus Stevens, the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee, went further than Mr. Chase imagined by inventing an entirely new tax code. Previously, the Union had funded itself with tariffs on foreign trade, which it raised several times. Alongside that it created a system of “internal taxes,” on everything from personal income to leaf tobacco, liquor, slaughtered hogs and fees on auctioneers. Congress also created a new bureau to collect taxes, a forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, underscoring its commitment to raising revenue this way.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Mr. Stevens had no idea how much revenue the taxes would raise, or if people would even pay them. (“Everything on the earth and
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              under
             </span>
             the earth is to be taxed,” one Ohioan groused.) But by 1865, the Treasury netted $300 million from customs and internal taxes — six times its prewar tax revenue.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             That revenue helped moderate the inflation created by the issuance of “greenbacks,” notes that circulated as money, to pay for the war. The country’s credit improved and Mr. Chase was able to borrow prodigious sums. Ultimately, inflation in the Union was no greater than during the two World Wars in the following century.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <h2 class="css-12n1aic el2acgh0" style="color:#000;font:700 25px/32px arial,sans-serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             Down South
            </h2>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The Confederacy faced similar financial challenges. Christopher Memminger, its German-born Treasury secretary, warned that printing notes was “the most dangerous of all methods of raising money.” But the South was ideologically opposed to taxation, especially by the central government.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The South approved a very modest tax (half a percent on real estate), but collection was left to the states and few tried to collect it. With cotton shipments to Europe pinched by the Union blockade, Mr. Memminger soon found he had little choice but to print notes to cover the cost of the war. These inflated at a catastrophic rate.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The military governor of Richmond imposed price controls — an old idea that has
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              gained renewed attention recently
             </a>
             — but farmers refused to sell food at the stipulated prices and the controls were dropped.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             During the first nine months of 1863, the Confederacy reported revenue of $600 million, of which only $5 million was generated by taxes. (Most of the rest was printed notes.) When the government belatedly acknowledged the need for revenue, it turned to so-called in-kind taxes, such as by seizing crops from farmers, which was extremely unpopular.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The South eventually imposed a 5 percent tax in 1864 on land, slaves and other property, but it was too little too late. The government printed so many notes it ran out of supplies and printed them on wallpaper. As the war wound down, instead of shuttling cartloads of notes around the streets, people exchanged cotton, bacon and salted pork for goods and services; their money was worthless.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             The economic experience of the Civil War went far beyond anything facing the United States today. Decisive action from the Fed may yet cool inflation, despite government spending, trade disruptions and war. Raising taxes remains politically unpopular, but the lessons of history suggest that when inflation gets uncomfortably high, the country’s fiscal stewards have an important role to play.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              Roger Lowenstein is the author of seven books, most recently “Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War.” He is a former contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine and a former reporter for The Wall Street Journal. He is also a director of the Sequoia Fund. He writes regularly
             </span>
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
               here
              </a>
             </span>
             <span style="font-style:italic;font-size:inherit">
              .
             </span>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding-bottom:15px">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding-bottom:15px;border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
              Subscribe Today
             </span>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             We hope you’ve enjoyed this newsletter, which is made possible through subscriber support.
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              Subscribe to The New York Times with this special offer.
             </a>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="10" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td bgcolor="#000000" height="8" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="25" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="left">
            <p style="color:#000;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             What do you think? Are there other lessons from history that are relevant to the fight against inflation today? Let us know:
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              dealbook@nytimes.com
             </a>
             .
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="padding:0">
            <a style="display:block;width:1px;height:1px;max-height:1px;overflow:hidden;color:transparent">
             Continue reading the main story
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="overflow:hidden;height:0;width:100%;max-width:600px;margin:0 auto">
        <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="6" width="40">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td>
            <img border="0" height="6" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D124967600%2526sz%253D2x1%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319%2526li%253DDK/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" width="2"/>
           </td>
           <td>
            <img border="0" height="6" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D124967601%2526sz%253D2x1%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319%2526li%253DDK/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" width="2"/>
           </td>
           <td>
            <img border="0" height="6" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D124967602%2526sz%253D2x1%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319%2526li%253DDK/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" width="2"/>
           </td>
           <td>
            <img border="0" height="6" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D124967603%2526sz%253D2x1%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319%2526li%253DDK/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" width="2"/>
           </td>
           <td>
            <img border="0" height="6" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fliveintent.newyorktimesinfo.com%252Fimp%253Fs%253D124967604%2526sz%253D2x1%2526m%253Ddfbfebeec3e396a6cb1a8b032a80246c%2526p%253DDK_20220319%2526li%253DDK/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZsaXZlaW50ZW50LiJ9:1nVXlP:LRMlFjKlxg_M-0FbNN3UEhkQ5m73TqEZIP5Mmx8Lo6o" width="2"/>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div id="_a11y-skip-3" style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="15" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding-bottom:22px;border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Andrew Ross Sorkin
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Founder/Editor-at-Large,
             <!-- -->
             New York
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @andrewrsorkin
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Jason Karaian
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Editor,
             <!-- -->
             London
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @jkaraian
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Sarah Kessler
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Deputy Editor,
             <!-- -->
             Chicago
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @sarahfkessler
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Stephen Gandel
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , News Editor,
             <!-- -->
             New York
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @stephengandel
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Michael J. de la Merced
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Reporter,
             <!-- -->
             London
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @m_delamerced
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:7px">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Lauren Hirsch
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Reporter,
             <!-- -->
             New York
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @LaurenSHirsch
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif">
            <a class="css-1iyjcs6 e13692dx4" style="font-weight:600;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc">
             Ephrat Livni
            </a>
            <span style="color:#000">
             , Reporter,
             <!-- -->
             Washington D.C.
            </span>
            <a class="css-14cwm9a e13692dx5" style="-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0">
             @el72champs
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td height="9" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
        <table cellpadding="0" width="100%">
         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td height="15" style="font-size:0;line-height:0" width="100%">
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="padding:12px 0;border-top:1px solid #000">
            <p display="block" font-size="12px" style="display:block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:7px">
             Need help? Review our
             <!-- -->
             <a class="css-1vpmr0r et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              newsletter help page
             </a>
             <!-- -->
             or
             <!-- -->
             <a class="css-1vpmr0r et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              contact us
             </a>
             <!-- -->
             for assistance.
            </p>
            <p display="block" font-size="12px" style="display:block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:7px">
             <span>
              You received this email because you signed up for DealBook from The New York Times.
             </span>
            </p>
            <p display="block" font-size="12px" style="display:block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0">
             To stop receiving these emails,
             <!-- -->
             <a class="css-1vpmr0r et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              unsubscribe
             </a>
             <!-- -->
             or
             <!-- -->
             <a class="css-1vpmr0r et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              manage
              <span class="css-ge16ha e28ago31">
               your email preferences
              </span>
             </a>
             .
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:10px 0">
            <p style="display:inline-block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0">
             <a class="css-g1j07a e28ago33" style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0">
              Subscribe to The Times
             </a>
             <span class="css-5zpqw8 e28ago34" style="display:none">
              <a style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0">
               Get The New York Times app
              </a>
             </span>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:9px 0 8px">
            <table>
             <tbody>
              <tr>
               <td style="padding-right:15px">
                <p style="display:inline-block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0">
                 Connect with us on:
                </p>
               </td>
               <td style="padding-right:15px">
                <a>
                 <img alt="twitter" height="25" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic.nytimes.com%252Femail-images%252Fdesign-system%252Fsocial-icons%252Ftwitter.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMubnl0aSJ9:1nVXlP:hc43EN4JaBRDtZNnNmaP8iHSKmMRIGOdb6ZJmmIOLnk" style="vertical-align:middle" width="25"/>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </tbody>
            </table>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:8px 0">
            <p style="display:inline-block;font:12px/20px arial,sans-serif;color:#666;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0">
             <a style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px">
              Change Your Email
             </a>
             <a style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px">
              Privacy Policy
             </a>
             <a style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0;border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px">
              Contact Us
             </a>
             <a style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#286ed0">
              California Notices
             </a>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:5px 0 7px">
            <a color="#666666" style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#666;border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px;line-height:0">
             <img alt="LiveIntent Logo" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic.nytimes.com%252Femail-images%252Fdesign-system%252Fads%252Fliveintentads.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMubnl0aSJ9:1nVXlP:hc43EN4JaBRDtZNnNmaP8iHSKmMRIGOdb6ZJmmIOLnk" style="vertical-align:middle" width="150"/>
            </a>
            <a color="#666666" style="display:inline-block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#666;line-height:0">
             <img alt="AdChoices Logo" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic.nytimes.com%252Femail-images%252Fdesign-system%252Fads%252Fadchoices.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMubnl0aSJ9:1nVXlP:hc43EN4JaBRDtZNnNmaP8iHSKmMRIGOdb6ZJmmIOLnk" style="vertical-align:middle" width="70"/>
            </a>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td style="border-top:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:10px 0 30px">
            <p color="#999999" style="display:inline-block;font:12px/15px arial,sans-serif;color:#999;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0">
             The New York Times Company. 620 Eighth Avenue New York, NY 10018
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
      </td>
     </tr>
    </tbody>
   </table>
   <!--[if mso | IE]>
      </td>
    </tr>
  </table>
  <![endif]-->
  </div>
  <img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fnl.nytimes.com%252Fq%252FrOF-tJTSUn0H07ati9w8bg~~%252FAAAAAQA~%252FRgRkGEr1PlcDbnl0QgpiKvXFNWJIJriWUhNhZThiODM5YkB1aWZlZWQuY29tWAQAAAAA/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZubC5ueXRpbWVzLiJ9:1nVXlP:QctTh0jknkN2e0nkHhu24OJUWRPOTNkhbrNJteCvoSI" width="1"/>
 </body>
</html>