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              <span class="preheader" style="color: transparent; display: none; height: 0; max-height: 0; max-width: 0; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; visibility: hidden; width: 0;">
               The Depp-Heard trial was the latest courtroom battle to call attention to the gainful microeconomy of expert witnesses. by Zachary Crockett.
              </span>
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                 <img alt="The Hustle" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252FHS_Hustle_logo_whitee.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 160px;" valign="middle" width="160"/>
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                Issue #211
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                 <img alt="The Hustle, June 5, 2022" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fheader_13.gif/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; display: block;" width="600"/>
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                June 5, 2022
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            <h2 style="font-size: 30px; font-family: 'Oswald', 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 25px;">
             <strong>
              The lucrative economics of expert witnesses
             </strong>
            </h2>
            <p style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 120%; padding-bottom: 10px; font-style: italic; color: #737373; margin: 0;">
             The Depp-Heard trial was the latest courtroom battle to call attention to the gainful microeconomy of expert witnesses.
            </p>
            <p style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 120%; padding-bottom: 24px; margin: 0;">
             <strong>
              BY
              <a style="color: #121212; text-decoration: underline !important; text-transform: uppercase;">
               Zachary Crockett
              </a>
             </strong>
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In the waning days of the defamation trial between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard,
             <strong>
              Dr. Shannon Curry
             </strong>
             was called to the stand.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Curry, a California-based psychologist, had been hired by Depp’s legal team to offer her opinion on Heard’s alleged personality disorders.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But during cross-examination, Heard’s attorney,
             <strong>
              Elaine Bredehoft
             </strong>
             , had a different
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              line of questioning
             </a>
             for the doctor:
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             <br/>
            </p>
           </td>
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            <img alt="exchange" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fquote.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
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            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             <br/>
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             The exchange was lost to the more salacious details of the trial — but it provided a rare glimpse into the economic underbelly of the expert witness industry.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Expert witnesses are used, to some degree, in ~
             <strong>
              8 out of 10
             </strong>
             trials in the US. Over the past 50 years, they’ve become increasingly more prevalent in the courts, and often hold great sway over judges and jurors.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But little is known to the general public about how they’re sourced and how much they’re compensated for their contributions.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             To find answers to those questions and more,
             <em>
              The Hustle
             </em>
             spoke to expert witnesses, legal consulting firms, and attorneys.
            </p>
            <h4 style="font-size: 17px; height: 100%; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 22px; padding-top: 8px; margin: 0px;">
             <strong>
              A primer on witnesses
             </strong>
            </h4>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In general, there are three types of witnesses:
            </p>
            <ol style="font-size: 16px;">
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               Lay witness
              </strong>
              : Someone who witnessed certain events firsthand and can speak to what they saw.
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               Character witness
              </strong>
              : Someone who knows the victim or defendant and can speak to their personality traits.
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               Expert witness
              </strong>
              : Someone who is educated on a certain subject (forensics, psychology, surgery, etc.) who offers their professional opinion as it relates to the facts of a case.
             </li>
            </ol>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Lay and character witnesses are typically not compensated much, if anything, for their time.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             For federal cases, they receive
             <strong>
              $40 per day
             </strong>
             +
             <strong>
              $0.57 per mile
             </strong>
             for travel to the courthouse. For state-level cases, these daily fees range anywhere from
             <strong>
              $0
             </strong>
             (Kentucky) to
             <strong>
              $95
             </strong>
             (New Mexico).
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="pay by state" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fstatefees.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Outside of these small mandated fees, it’s illegal to pay most witnesses for their testimony — an effort to keep the court free of bias.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “It’s kind of like being paid for jury duty,”
             <strong>
              John Lewis
             </strong>
             , a California attorney, told
             <em>
              The Hustle
             </em>
             . “There aren’t big bucks in being a subpoenaed witness.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Expert witnesses, however, are a different story.
            </p>
            <h4 style="font-size: 17px; height: 100%; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 22px; padding-top: 8px; margin: 0px;">
             <strong>
              The lucrative business of being an expert witness
             </strong>
            </h4>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             With virtually no fee caps, experts are paid what the market demands for their services — and the market for their services is
             <em>
              very
             </em>
             robust.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In a high-profile case with millions of dollars at stake, it’s not uncommon to have 6-10+ expert witnesses between opposing sides.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             The Depp-Heard trial featured nearly a dozen expert witnesses — psychologists, surgeons, entertainment and intellectual property lawyers, forensic accountants — that Lewis estimates collectively charged
             <strong>
              $1m+
             </strong>
             .
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But experts can rack up enormous fees in less glitzy cases, too.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             A 2017
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              murder trial
             </a>
             involving a police officer cost public defenders and prosecutors in the small town of Coeur d’Alene, Idaho
             <strong>
              $600k
             </strong>
             in expert testimony —
             <strong>
              $210k
             </strong>
             of which was paid to a single psychologist.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Expert witnesses usually charge hourly rates for trial preparation, depositions, and testimony, which can add up quickly in complex cases.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In a 2021
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              survey
             </a>
             of ~1.1k expert witnesses, the average hourly rates for these three services worked out to some pretty princely sums:
            </p>
            <ul style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 12px; margin: 0;">
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Case prep:
              <strong>
               $422/hr
              </strong>
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Deposition:
              <strong>
               $524/hr
              </strong>
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Trial testimony:
              <strong>
               $550/hr
              </strong>
             </li>
            </ul>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In a typical case, the average witness took home
             <strong>
              $13k
             </strong>
             for ~25 hours of work. But in one case, a forensic architect — who investigates the causes and origins of construction failures — reported getting paid
             <strong>
              $2.4m
             </strong>
             .
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="average rates" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Favg.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Of course, these hourly fees vary widely according to area of expertise.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Medical professionals dominate the highest-paid gigs. Hand surgeons, who are hired to testify in medical negligence cases, average as much as
             <strong>
              $1.4k/hr
             </strong>
             — ~10x higher than the
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              national hourly average
             </a>
             for their day job.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Horse experts, on the other hand, who might be called upon for equine appraisal in estate disputes, charge an average of just
             <strong>
              $225/hr
             </strong>
             .
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             <strong>
              Keith Diaz
             </strong>
             , an assistant professor of behavioral medicine at Columbia University, says his work as an expert witness is “just a little extra pocket change.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In 2015, Diaz was cold-contacted by a Connecticut prosecutor working on a
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              murder case
             </a>
             involving a FitBit.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             He was asked to testify that the device was accurate — and for
             <strong>
              $350/hr
             </strong>
             , he eventually helped the prosecution win the case. Since then, he’s worked on 3 other cases.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “The amount of work, and what you’re paid, depends on the case,” he says. “Sometimes, you have to conduct simulations in the lab, process a bunch of data, or do forensic analysis. Other times, it might just be 20 hours of research and two days in court.”
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="expert witness pay" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fhourly.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             When it comes to setting fees, expert witnesses can, as one attorney puts it, “pretty much go buck wild” — with one exception.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Let’s say an expert psychologist is hired by the prosecution for $700/hr. If the defense team wants to depose her, it must pay her for the privilege. Under the
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
             </a>
             , she must charge the opposing side a “reasonable fee.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “Reasonable” is up to interpretation, and has been contested in court many times:
            </p>
            <ul style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 12px; margin: 0;">
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               Cartrette v. T &amp; J Transport, Inc.
              </strong>
              (2011): A treating physician’s demand for $1.5k/hr was reduced to $400/hr.
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               Maxwell v. Stryker Corp
              </strong>
              . (2012): An orthopedic surgeon’s demand for $2k/hr was knocked down to $750/hr.
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              <strong>
               American Medical Systems, Inc. Pelvic Repair Systems Products Liability Litigation
              </strong>
              (2019): A pelvic surgeon’s request for $18k/day per day was reduced to $750/hr.
             </li>
            </ul>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But this one restriction doesn’t seem to harm experts’ earnings much.
            </p>
            <h4 style="font-size: 17px; height: 100%; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 22px; padding-top: 8px; margin: 0px;">
             <strong>
              The expert witness training business
             </strong>
            </h4>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             When attorneys need to find an expert witness in a pinch, they turn to a
             <strong>
              $300m+
             </strong>
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              <strong>
               cottage industry
              </strong>
             </a>
             of directories, referral services, and journals that compile and dispense professionals in hundreds of trades.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             On
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              SEAK
             </a>
             ’s expert witness directory, a lawyer can select a specialty and browse through the backgrounds of more than
             <strong>
              2.3k
             </strong>
             experts in all sorts of hyper-niche fields:
            </p>
            <ul style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 12px; margin: 0;">
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Street sweepers
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Cryptocurrency scholars
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Wine and spirits distributors
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Ski accident reconstructionists
             </li>
            </ul>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “It’s like the Yellow Pages for expert witnesses,” says
             <strong>
              James Mangraviti
             </strong>
             , an ex-attorney and SEAK principal.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             The company lists experts for free, but makes money by allowing experts to buy promotional placements in the search results.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="expert witness directory" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fpsych.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             A search for ‘psychology’ on SEAK’s expert witness database returned 125 witnesses for hire (SEAK)
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             SEAK also runs a lucrative business selling training courses to experts.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Its most popular Zoom seminar, “
             <em>
              How to Start, Build, and Run a Successful Expert Witness Practice
             </em>
             ” (
             <strong>
              $1,295
             </strong>
             ) claims that experts can “easily double their income by devoting one day a week to expert witnessing.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “An expert has to walk into a courtroom — a very intimating place — and get cross-examined by an aggressive person who’s getting paid a lot of money to make you look like a fool,” Mangraviti says. “So of course, they need to be prepared for that.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Being a successful expert witness extends beyond expertise and knowledge.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             When selecting an expert, lawyers often look for traits beyond scientific rigor, like confidence, attractiveness, and poise.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             "[A] fool with a small flair for acting and mathematics might be a more successful witness than, say, Einstein,"
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              wrote
             </a>
             one scholar. "They’re not chosen for their knowledge but for their ability to persuade."
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             There’s a reason for this: Witnesses who are self-assured, make eye contact, and speak calmly are
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              perceived
             </a>
             by jurors to be more knowledgeable and trustworthy.
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="expert witness confidence" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fconfident.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Other services, like The
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              TASA Group
             </a>
             and
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              Round Table Group
             </a>
             , field requests from lawyers and hand pick experts that fit the occasion.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              ForensisGroup
             </a>
             , founded in 1991, boasts a rolodex of experts in 10k+ specialties and brings in
             <strong>
              $10m+
             </strong>
             in revenue in referral fees.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             While the majority of expert witnesses on these platforms are gainfully employed and only do witness work as a side gig, several large firms (
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              FTI
             </a>
             ,
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              BRG
             </a>
             ) retain full-time economic consultants who often earn
             <strong>
              $500k+/yr
             </strong>
             testifying in court.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             "We've given economists the chance to earn investment bankers' incomes,"
             <strong>
              David Teece
             </strong>
             , the founder of BRG,
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              told
             </a>
             <em>
              The Wall Street Journal
             </em>
             in 2007.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But these lucrative incentives come with a moral trade-off.
            </p>
            <h4 style="font-size: 17px; height: 100%; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 22px; padding-top: 8px; margin: 0px;">
             <strong>
              The ethical quandary of the paid witness
             </strong>
            </h4>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Diaz, the FitBit expert, says competing interests can make it challenging at times to “stick to the science” at trial.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “You get on a call with a lawyer who wants you to be a witness, and they give you all these reasons why the defendant is a lowlife and a terrible person,” he says. “They try to convince you. It’s tricky to not let that influence your opinions about what the data show.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In court, witnesses like Diaz often feel they’re pressured into forming definitive opinions that stretch beyond sound science.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “If a heart rate is elevated at a certain time, a prosecutor wants me to say ‘It’s because she was dying.’ I can explain how the device works, but I can’t tell you exactly what that means,” he told
             <em>
              The Hustle
             </em>
             . “You have to be really careful and stay out of muddled areas.”
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td align="center" style="text-align: center;">
            <img alt="Keith Diaz" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.sailthru.com%252Fcomposer%252Fimages%252Fsailthru-prod-6ks%252Fkeith_diaz.gif/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5zYWlsdCJ9:1nxnl5:Hx-DHQHKLKNTcg9XVvokLYQev3fl1ULSTs-J0yNidhU" style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; height: auto; padding-top: 10px;" width="600"/>
            <p align="left" style="font-family: 'Roboto', helvetica, sans-serif; color: #192733; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;">
             Keith Diaz, a professor and expert witness in cases involving fitness trackers (Columbia University)
            </p>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="h2020 ignore-defaults" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             Diaz’s concern cuts to the heart of one of the legal world’s biggest internal debates: Can expert witnesses who are paid exorbitant sums by one side of the courtroom maintain scientific truthfulness?
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             The harshest critics of expert witnesses
             <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
              call them
             </a>
             “well-paid prostitutes who sell their services to the highest bidder.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             In her 1997 book, “
             <em>
              Whores of the Court: The Fraud of Psychiatric Testimony and the Rape of American Justice
             </em>
             ,”
             <strong>
              Dr. Margaret A. Hagen
             </strong>
             argues that the legal system has been “bamboozled” by scientific sellouts.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “Experts who help lawyers win cases are often rewarded with more work and more money,” says Lewis, the California attorney. “They have a strong financial incentive to please the person paying their checks.”
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             There may be some truth to these claims:
            </p>
            <ul style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 12px; margin: 0;">
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              A 1994
              <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
               study
              </a>
              of 131 cases across Baltimore, Seattle, and Tucson found that
              <strong>
               77%
              </strong>
              of expert witnesses thought lawyers manipulated them to weaken unfavorable testimony and strengthen favorable testimony.
             </li>
             <li style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 0 0 0 15px; padding: 0px;">
              Two separate surveys of judges conducted by the Federal Judicial Center
              <a style="color: #192733; text-decoration: underline !important;">
               concluded
              </a>
              that “experts abandon objectivity and become advocates for the side that hires them.”
             </li>
            </ul>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             But others say the notion that money distorts objectivity is a red herring used by opposing lawyers to tear down experts’ credibility.
            </p>
            <p style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 140%; margin: 5px 0px 10px;">
             “Everybody’s getting paid in a courtroom,” says Mangraviti. “Real experts have solid, truthful opinions that don’t waver under pressure.”
            </p>
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                How Apple iOS 15 changed email marketing
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                Along with the iOS 15 software update came the almighty Mail Privacy Protection (MPP) function, which allows a user to hide their IP address.
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                That’s peachy for most people, but painful for the email enthusiasts — we said goodbye to banking on a few key features including open rates and location-based content.
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                  MPP’s deep impact on email
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                 Four major ways email marketers have adjusted
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                 Data-backed email strategy pivots to consider
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                The section for the second bullet has a ton of important information. Read the post below to learn how email analytics have changed since iOS 15.
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