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   Climate Fwd: Water cuts are coming in the West
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   Officials declared a shortage on the Colorado River after years of drought.
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             August 18, 2021
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             We’re also covering the link between
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              wildfire smoke and Covid
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             , and a
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              problem for hydrogen fuel
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                  Water levels at Lake Powell, above, shared by Utah and Arizona, and Lake Mead, a huge reservoir near Las Vegas, have been falling for years, leaving a telltale “bathtub ring.”
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             By
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              Henry Fountain
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             In this summer of wildfires, heat waves and drought, there was another bit of bad environmental news out of the West this week. Federal officials declared a water shortage at Lake Mead, the huge reservoir on the Colorado River near Las Vegas, setting off sharp cuts in water to Arizona farmers next year.
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             As
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              I reported this week
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             , the shortage declaration was made because the lake is at its lowest level since it first began to fill in the 1930s, a result of overuse and of two decades of drought in the Southwest that have reduced runoff into the river.
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             The declaration, and the mandatory supply cuts, had long been expected. What is less certain is how much the reductions will help. Will more cuts be necessary, and, if so, when?
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             Officials had an answer for that on Monday. “Additional actions will likely be necessary in the very near future,” said Camille Touton, a deputy commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation.
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             The bureau’s hydrologists forecast that the lake level will continue to drop for the next two years as climate change continues to take a toll on the river. That most likely means Arizona will face even more reductions in 2023, including to some cities, and California will see its first cuts in 2024.
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              Numbers:
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             The Bureau of Reclamation, an agency of the Interior Department, estimates that Lake Mead will be down to 34 percent of capacity by year’s end.
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             Listen: A ‘code red’ for humanity
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             Henry Fountain went on “
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              The Daily” podcast
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             to discuss what needs to happen in the narrowing time window we have to avoid the most devastating climate disruptions.
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             From the Magazine: The drowning New Jersey Shore
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             Billions have been spent to protect beachfront property along the state’s coastline. But, inch by inch,
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              water is winning the war
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             .
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             From Opinion: What cutting-edge science tells us
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             Advances in attribution science have made clear how
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              climate change is making floods, fires and heat waves worse
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             , Katharine Hayhoe and Friederike Otto write in a guest essay.
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                 <span class="css-atnqj9 esd8w5v2" style="margin:0;font:normal 14px georgia,serif;color:#666">
                  The Bobcat fire in Juniper Hills, Calif., last September.
                 </span>
                 <span class="css-hpkdsj esd8w5v3" style="margin:0;font:normal 11px georgia,serif;padding-left:5px;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
                  Eric Thayer for The New York Times
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            <h2 style="color:#000;font:400 25px/32.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             Wildfire smoke and Covid-19
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             By
             <!-- -->
             <!-- -->
             Winston Choi-Schagrin
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             This summer, the Western United States has experienced one of its worst wildfire seasons. The Dixie fire, which has spread to more than half a million acres, is the largest single-origin fire in California history. Thousands have been evacuated from their homes.
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             At the same time, the country has seen a spike in coronavirus cases fueled by the Delta variant.
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Now, a team of Harvard scientists is drawing a connection between the two. Last summer, wildfire smoke was associated with thousands of Covid infections and hundreds of deaths, they found. The smoke, which contains high levels of the smallest, most dangerous particulate matter, “substantially exacerbated the health burden of Covid-19,” they wrote. You can
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              read the full article here
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             .
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit">
              Quotable:
             </span>
             “I hope that this is providing an additional piece of evidence for why it’s important to get our act together to combat climate change,” the senior author on the paper said.
            </p>
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                <span>
                 <span class="css-atnqj9 esd8w5v2" style="margin:0;font:normal 14px georgia,serif;color:#666">
                  Fueling a Toyota hydrogen vehicle in Fountain Valley, Calif.
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                 <span class="css-hpkdsj esd8w5v3" style="margin:0;font:normal 11px georgia,serif;padding-left:5px;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
                  Philip Cheung for The New York Times
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            <h2 style="color:#000;font:400 25px/32.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             A problem for hydrogen fuel
            </h2>
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            <p style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#000;margin-bottom:0;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif">
             By
             <!-- -->
             <!-- -->
             Hiroko Tabuchi
            </p>
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Hydrogen is a clean energy dream: When it’s consumed in a fuel cell, it produces only water, electricity and heat.
            </p>
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             But
             <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
              a new study examined the way hydrogen is produced today
             </a>
             and came up with an entirely different conclusion. Most hydrogen used today is extracted from natural gas in a process that requires a lot of energy and emits vast amounts of carbon dioxide. Producing natural gas also releases methane, a particularly potent greenhouse gas.
            </p>
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             And while the natural gas industry has proposed capturing that carbon dioxide, creating what it promotes as emissions-free “blue” hydrogen, even that fuel still emits more greenhouse gas across its entire supply chain than simply burning natural gas, according to the new research.
            </p>
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             <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit">
              Quotable:
             </span>
             “To call it a zero-emissions fuel is totally wrong,” the study’s lead author said. “What we found is that it’s not even a low-emissions fuel, either.”
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             Also important this week:
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             <li class="css-11scvta e1y8brq21" style="line-height:27.5px;margin:0 0 10px 0">
              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               After a decade of
               <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit">
                disputing the existence of climate change
               </span>
               , many
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                leading Republicans are shifting their posture
               </a>
               amid worsening heat waves, drought and wildfires.
              </span>
             </li>
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             <li class="css-11scvta e1y8brq21" style="line-height:27.5px;margin:0 0 10px 0">
              <span style="font-size:17px;line-height:25px;vertical-align:middle">
               A
               <span style="font-weight:700;font-size:inherit">
                small town in Sicily
               </span>
               may have hit
               <a class="css-5nb5nb et1n85g0" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">
                124 degrees Fahrenheit
               </a>
               , or about 51 Celsius, possibly the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe.
              </span>
             </li>
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            <h3 style="margin:0 0 10px;font:400 20px/27.5px georgia,serif;color:#000">
             And finally, a book to consider:
            </h3>
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       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
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           <td align="left">
            <h2 style="color:#000;font:400 25px/32.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
             Why we plunder precious resources
            </h2>
           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
       </div>
       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
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            <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-spacing:0;font-family:arial,sans-serif;color:#333;padding:0;background:#fff" width="100%">
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               <td style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1" width="100%">
                <img class="css-1rg59gv e1e3sevz0" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2021%252F08%252F18%252Fclimate%252F18cli-newsletter-bok%252F18cli-newsletter-bok-articleLarge.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSJ9:1mGOmo:ccG7sU-6NLHRtFmlx-DjeWmpwhaRZFu4EJcJROdSyuM" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto;padding-bottom:25px;padding-top:10px"/>
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             By
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             <!-- -->
             Christopher Flavelle
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Why do people keep acting in ways they know will ruin them? That question, so central to climate change, is at the heart of a new book about the emptying of the Ogallala Aquifer by farming in the American West, with potentially catastrophic consequences.
            </p>
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         </tbody>
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       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             In “Running Out: In Search of Water on the High Plains,” Lucas Bessire writes that the aquifer, which runs from South Dakota to Texas and irrigates about one-sixth of world grain production, is being drained far faster than rain can replenish it, especially as heat and drought get worse. In the part of Southwest Kansas where he grew up, an estimated three-quarters of the water is already gone.
            </p>
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       <div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%">
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Dr. Bessire, an anthropology professor at the University of Oklahoma, returned to his childhood home to try to understand why people would participate in the destruction of the resource that their livelihoods depend on, rather than demanding extraction limits to make irrigation more sustainable.
            </p>
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            <p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">
             Some farmers appear unbothered by the consequences of their actions, he writes. Others say they regret the damage they’re causing but feel powerless to stop it. Hope plays a role: Dr. Bessire cites the recurring idea of building sprawling aqueducts to transport water from afar once the aquifer is exhausted, calling it a dubious prospect that nonetheless provides justification to keep pumping.
            </p>
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