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   Today, we explore the deepest part of our planet, Challenger Deep, what it’s like to travel there and how the hadal snailfish survives its bone crushing pressures.
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                              <i>
                               Email
                               <b>
                                5 of 5
                               </b>
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                              <i>
                               Each installment of our five-part newsletter will explore one of the five vertical zones of the ocean, what lives in each and why that zone matters to humans. Today, we explore the deepest part of our planet, Challenger Deep, what it’s like to travel there and how the hadal snailfish survives its bone crushing pressures.
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                                <b>
                                 Welcome to rock bottom! ...sediment bottom?
                                </b>
                               </span>
                              </font>
                              <br/>
                              <br/>
                              Thanks for making it to the trenches with us! With this final newsletter, we’ve made our way to the bottom of the ocean: the hadal – or hadalpelagic – zone. This zone gets its name from Hades, the ancient Greek god of the underworld.
                              <br/>
                              <br/>
                              There are only a small number of places on Earth where marine trenches exist. “The most famous one is the Mariana Trench,” says
                              <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="Noelle Bowlin">
                               Noelle Bowlin
                              </a>
                              ,
                              <i>
                               Short Wave
                              </i>
                              ’s marine biologist point person from NOAA. This is where the deepest point in the entire ocean exists,  and it’s the focus of today’s
                              <b>
                               Dive into the Research
                              </b>
                              section.
                              <br/>
                              <br/>
                              Keep reading to learn about how researchers explore the hadal zone…
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           To see the full ocean zones comic,
                           <b>
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="click HERE">
                             click HERE
                            </a>
                           </b>
                           , and to see a comic about Dawn's dive to Challenger Deep,
                           <b>
                            <a data-linkto="//" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="click HERE">
                             click HERE
                            </a>
                           </b>
                           .
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                           <font color="#2a7079">
                            <span style="font-size: 22px;">
                             <b>
                              Dive into the research
                             </b>
                            </span>
                           </font>
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           Not many people have been to the deepest part of the ocean, a place known as Challenger Deep, in the western Pacific Ocean. It’s about 10,920 meters below the surface, which is around 7.5 empire state buildings deep. In 2022, marine geologist and geographer
                           <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="Dawn Wright">
                            Dawn Wright
                           </a>
                           added her name to the short list of explorers who’ve travelled to this place that’s been explored about as much as the moon.
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           “It took my breath away when I got the email,” says Wright, who studies rocks and motion at the bottom of the ocean. In mid-July that year, she climbed into
                           <i>
                            The Limiting Factor
                           </i>
                           , a deep sea submersible, with explorer Victor Vescovo and began the four-hour descent to the bottom of the ocean. “I've often described it as a quiet elevator ride. It's very peaceful. It's very quiet,” Dawn says. “It's a very beautiful experience.”
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           <span style="color:#7f8c8d;">
                            <i>
                             Science at the deepest point in the ocean…Dawn Wright’s perspective travelling to Challenger Deep.
                            </i>
                           </span>
                          </div>
                          <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
                           <span style="color:#7f8c8d;">
                            <span style="font-size:12px;">
                             <i>
                              Dawn Wright/ESRI
                             </i>
                            </span>
                           </span>
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           Once they reached the bottom, she saw fields of boulders and evidence of tectonic erosion, “This is where plates go to die. And so the Pacific plate had reached the end of its journey at this point, and it was being subsumed into the earth underneath the Philippine Sea plates.”
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           Along with reminders of impermanence, Dawn also remembers seeing electric shows of bioluminescence and, to her dismay, a beer bottle.
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           But the purpose of her deep dive wasn’t just to observe: It was also to test a prototype sidescan sonar instrument. The device sends sound pulses out; then, those pulses bounce off the seafloor and return. Scientists can turn the intensity of the returned pulses into images as a way to map the seabed and the things that lay there. “It's used, oftentimes, to image shipwrecks. In fact, this instrument was the same kind that was used to help find the wreck of the
                           <i>
                            Endurance
                           </i>
                           … in Antarctica earlier that year,” Dawn says.
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           Normally, these sonar instruments are only used up to 6,000 meters below the surface. That’s because the pressures at depths below that are so crushing. But a newer prototype designed to withstand pressures at almost 11,000 meters survived the deep sea dive and successfully imaged a portion of Challenger Deep. Dawn says the success opens up the possibility of mapping more of the deep sea, something important for everything from predicting tsunamis to laying internet cables to protecting essential ocean habitat.
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           <i>
                            Learn more about Dawn’s work mapping the seafloor, including her efforts with Seabed 2030, in this week’s Short Wave episode.
                           </i>
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                              Creature Feature: Hadal Snailfish
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                           <span style="color:#7f8c8d;">
                            <i>
                             A hadal snailfish from the Mariana Trench.
                            </i>
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                              Mackenzie Gerringer/University of Washington, University of Hawai'i
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           This trench-dwelling hadal snailfish is the most dominant fish in at least six ocean trenches worldwide  and looks like a cross between a catfish and an axolotl.
                           <br/>
                           More about the hadal snailfish…
                          </div>
                          <ul>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            To survive extreme pressures, it makes a molecule that protects its cellular proteins from being crushed.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Because it lives near the ocean floor, it doesn’t have a swim bladder, which is what other fish use to control their buoyancy. #BottomDwellersForLife
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Instead, it has less dense bones to control its buoyancy.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            As a predator, it loves to munch on
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="amphipods">
                             amphipods
                            </a>
                            , and sometimes
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="decapod shrimp">
                             decapod shrimp
                            </a>
                            and
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="polychaetes">
                             polychaetes
                            </a>
                            .
                           </li>
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           <b>
                            Check out this
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="video of snailfish swimming on the ocean floor">
                             video of snailfish swimming on the ocean floor
                            </a>
                            and this
                            <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="3D scan GIF of a CT skeletal scan">
                             3D scan GIF of a CT skeletal scan
                            </a>
                            .
                           </b>
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                              Game Time
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                           Can you guess the word or phrase hinted at by these ocean-themed pictures?
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                            shortwave@npr.org
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                           ! We’ll send out the answer next week.
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                           You can also
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                            email us
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                           your sea-themed puzzle idea and we may feature it in a future newsletter!
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                            Solutions to last week’s puzzles:
                           </i>
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                             Sand dollar
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                             Plankton
                            </i>
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                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
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                             Tide pool
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