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   Today, we explore the twilight zone, home to the largest migration on Earth and a little fish with a big role. Plus, we get into how the ocean stores so much carbon.
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                               <b>
                                Email 2 of 5
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                              <i>
                               Each installment of our newsletter explores one of the five vertical zones of the ocean, what lives in each and why that zone matters to humans. Today, we explore the twilight zone, home to the largest migration on Earth and a little fish with a big role. Plus, we get into how the ocean stores so much carbon.
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                                 Welcome to the Twilight Zone (cue eerie music)!
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                              The ocean’s twilight zone is a mysterious place in part because, at 200 meters below the surface, it’s so difficult for humans to reach. This low-light ocean region, also called the mesopelagic or middle zone, is home to most of the fishes in the sea, half of which migrate every night up to the surface to feed, and then back down before morning.
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                          <i>
                           To see the full comic, including the other ocean zones,
                           <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="click HERE.">
                            click HERE.
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                           The movement was so massive that World War II sonar operators originally thought the seafloor was shifting–but it was this large migration of fish up from the twilight zone all along!
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                           This mass migration, called the diel vertical migration, is more than a marvel–it’s the reason that the ocean is what’s known as a carbon sink. “These organisms are moving up and down and they move carbon with them,” says Noelle Bowlin, a fisheries biologist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Twilight-dwellers eat so much at the surface–in the form of plankton, fish and other critters–they act as a giant biological pump, transporting carbon from the atmosphere down  hundreds of meters below the ocean surface. When these predators die or defecate, that carbon sinks even deeper into the watery depths.
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                           <br/>
                           Keep reading for one clever way scientists study the twilight zone…
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                             Dive into the research
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                           So how have scientists gathered information about this perplexing place? One way is by studying baby fishes.
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                           “Regardless of where they settle out as an adult, whether they're mesopelagic, abyssopelagic, coastal zone, benthic, their babies are at the surface,” says Noelle. She says that by understanding how many larval fishes are at the surface, scientists can get an idea of how many adults are wandering in the depths below.
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                         Noelle Bowlin holds a jar of pyrosomes in 2023.
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                          <i>
                           Noelle Bowlin
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                           To collect samples, she goes on expeditions hundreds of miles offshore. “It's wild. It's always an adventure. There's nothing but this boat keeping me from the abyss,” Noelle says. “And you see things that you could never see otherwise.” That includes a meteor shower without any light pollution and sea creatures that avoid shorelines.
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                           Once they reach a collection site, the boat runs around the clock, maximizing the time the crew can gather larval samples. Noelle has always been fascinated with how these tiny babies can make their way deeper, to where they will live as adults, because the light availability, temperatures and pressures can be wildly different across the two areas.
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                           Noelle focused her PhD on finding out the answer. She wondered: Is it a gradual process? Does the relocation look different across species?
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                           She found that the timing of vertical migration is different across species and that some larval fish start their descent of the water column much earlier than previously thought.
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                           As part of her current job, Noelle also monitors the status of shallower-dwelling fish that humans eat, like bass and sardines. The health of these fish is heavily affected by their food source, the bulk of which are migratory twilight zone fish. As humans start to explore fishing these depths – something previously too difficult to do – Noelle says it’s important to learn more about this mysterious ocean zone so we can be better stewards.
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                           “If we don't know how the ocean works, we're definitely going to mess things up,” she says.
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                                 Listen to the Twlight Zone episode
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                          <b>
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                             Creature Feature: Lanternfish
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                        <i style="color: rgb(127, 140, 141);">
                         Lanternfish (top) Notoscopelus caudispinosus and Lobianchia gemellarii (bottom) Myctophum asperum.
                        </i>
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                       <div style="text-align: right;">
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                         <span style="color:#7f8c8d;">
                          <i>
                           Danté Fenolio/DEEPEND-RESTORE
                          </i>
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           Lanternfishes are one of the most abundant and diverse families of fishes in the deep sea with more than 250 species! Almost–if not all–bioluminesce using photophores all over their small bodies.
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           Lanternfish:
                          </div>
                          <ul>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Usually are less than 20cm (8in) long.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Make up around HALF of the biomass of ALL the fish in the deep sea.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            May avoid predators from below by matching bioluminescent bellies with dim light from above.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Bioluminesce to find mates.
                           </li>
                           <li style="line-height: 150%;">
                            Are an important source of food for many species–they are the buffet of the sea.
                           </li>
                          </ul>
                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           To see more deep sea creatures, check out the gallery
                           <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2A7079;text-decoration:underline;" title="from the DEEPEND-RETORE project">
                            from the DEEPEND-RETORE project
                           </a>
                           .
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                             Game Time
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                          <div style="line-height: 150%;">
                           You can also
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                            email us your sea-themed puzzle idea
                           </a>
                           and we may feature it in a future newsletter!
                           <br/>
                           <br/>
                           <i>
                            Solutions to last week’s puzzles:
                            <br/>
                            High tide
                            <br/>
                            Dolphin
                            <br/>
                            Polar ice caps
                           </i>
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