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   The Lucrative Economics of Expert Witnesses
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   A mainstay of high-profile court battles, expert witnesses have spawned a gainful microeconomy. So how does one get the gig, and how much are they paid?
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                   The lucrative economics of expert witnesses
                  </span>
                 </h1>
                 <p style="font-size:18px; line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="font-size:18px; line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    A mainstay of high-profile court battles, expert witnesses have spawned a gainful microeconomy. So how does one get the gig, and how much are they paid?
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="font-size:13px; line-height:125%; font-weight:bold">
                 </p>
                 <p style="font-size:13px; line-height:125%; font-weight:bold">
                  <br/>
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   BY
                   <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="CAzB/nO2" rel="noopener" style="font-weight:bold; color:#192733; text-decoration:none !important" target="_blank">
                    ZACHARY CROCKETT
                   </a>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In the waning days of the defamation trial between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard,
                  <span style="font-weight: bold;">
                   Dr. Shannon Curry
                  </span>
                  was called to the stand.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Curry, a California-based psychologist, had been hired by Depp’s legal team to offer her opinion on Heard’s alleged personality disorders.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But during cross-examination, Heard’s attorney,
                  <strong>
                   Elaine Bredehoft
                  </strong>
                  , had a different
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="Rwt1IQqq" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   line of questioning
                  </a>
                  for the doctor:
                 </p>
                 <blockquote style="line-height:125%">
                  <p style="line-height:125%">
                   <em>
                    “You are being paid by Mr. Depp’s legal team to be here, correct?”
                    <br/>
                    “Correct.”
                    <br/>
                    “How much have you charged so far?
                    <br/>
                    “I actually don’t know.”
                    <br/>
                    “Over $100k?
                    <br/>
                    “I don’t do my own books.”
                    <br/>
                    “Over $200k?”
                    <br/>
                    “I don’t know.”
                    <br/>
                    “Over $300k?”
                   </em>
                  </p>
                 </blockquote>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  The exchange was lost to the more salacious details of the trial — but it provided a rare glimpse into the economic underbelly of the expert witness industry.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Expert witnesses
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="778ukXhP" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   are
                  </a>
                  <a data-hs-link-id="1" data-hs-link-id-v2="nfy6IHDC" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   used
                  </a>
                  , to some degree, in ~
                  <strong>
                   8 out of 10
                  </strong>
                  trials in the US. Over the past 50 years, they’ve become increasingly more prevalent in the courts, and often hold great sway over judges and jurors.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But little is known to the general public about how they’re sourced and how much they’re compensated for their contributions.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  To find answers to those questions and more,
                  <em>
                   The Hustle
                  </em>
                  spoke to expert witnesses, legal consulting firms, and attorneys.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <h2 style="margin:0; line-height:125%; font-size:18px">
                  <strong>
                   A primer on witnesses
                  </strong>
                 </h2>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In general, there are
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="mUeRQ2HO" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   three types
                  </a>
                  of witnesses:
                 </p>
                 <ol style="line-height:125%">
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    Lay witness
                   </strong>
                   : Someone who witnessed certain events firsthand and can speak to what they saw.
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    Character witness
                   </strong>
                   : Someone who knows the victim or defendant and can speak to their personality traits.
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    Expert witness
                   </strong>
                   : Someone who is educated on a certain subject (forensics, psychology, surgery, etc.) who offers their professional opinion as it relates to the facts of a case.
                  </li>
                 </ol>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Lay and character witnesses are typically not compensated much, if anything, for their time.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  For
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="SJ4Y0sLf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   federal cases
                  </a>
                  , they receive
                  <strong>
                   $40 per day
                  </strong>
                  +
                  <strong>
                   $0.57 per mile
                  </strong>
                  for travel to the courthouse. For state-level cases, these daily fees range anywhere from
                  <strong>
                   $0
                  </strong>
                  (Kentucky) to
                  <strong>
                   $95
                  </strong>
                  (New Mexico).
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
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            <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="hse-image-wrapper" role="presentation" width="100%">
             <tbody>
              <tr>
               <td align="center" class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; text-align:center; padding:10px 10px 0px; font-size:0px" valign="top">
                <img align="middle" alt="A map of the United States color-coded to show the range of daily fees paid to lay and character witnesses for state cases, with most states in the $10–$29 or $30+ ranges (purple tones)." src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.hubspot.com%252Fhs-fs%252Fhubfs%252FDaily%2520Newsletter%2520Images%252FDaily%2520Images%252FNov%25202%25202025%252Fexpert-witness-state-fees-map.png%253Fwidth%253D1160%2526upscale%253Dtrue%2526name%253Dexpert-witness-state-fees-map.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5odWJzcCIsInRpbWUiOjE3NjIwODA3MDQuMTQxOTY5N30:1vFVgW:3q6WjDjdJk_o7u55XKa0-hMdtqojLxDCzRcCl3Skg7g" style="outline:none; text-decoration:none; max-width:100%; font-size:16px" width="580"/>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </tbody>
            </table>
           </div>
           <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="" role="presentation" style="" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:16px; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; padding:5px 10px 10px">
               <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-2" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-2_" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    <span style="font-size: 12px;">
                     Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
                    </span>
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Outside of these small mandated fees, it’s illegal to pay most witnesses for their testimony — an effort to keep the court free of bias.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “It’s kind of like being paid for jury duty,”
                  <strong>
                   John Lewis
                  </strong>
                  , a California attorney, told
                  <em>
                   The Hustle
                  </em>
                  . “There aren’t big bucks in being a subpoenaed witness.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Expert witnesses, however, are a different story.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <h2 style="margin:0; line-height:125%; font-size:18px">
                  <strong>
                   The lucrative business of being an expert witness
                  </strong>
                 </h2>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  With virtually no fee caps, experts are paid what the market demands for their services — and the market for their services is
                  <em>
                   very
                  </em>
                  robust.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In a high-profile case with millions of dollars at stake, it’s not uncommon to have 6-10+ expert witnesses between opposing sides.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  The Depp-Heard trial featured nearly a dozen expert witnesses — psychologists, surgeons, entertainment and intellectual property lawyers, forensic accountants — that Lewis estimates collectively charged
                  <strong>
                   $1m+
                  </strong>
                  .
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But experts can rack up enormous fees in less glitzy cases, too.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  A 2017
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="NktWemZc" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   murder trial
                  </a>
                  involving a police officer cost public defenders and prosecutors in the small town of Coeur d’Alene, Idaho
                  <strong>
                   $600k
                  </strong>
                  in expert testimony —
                  <strong>
                   $210k
                  </strong>
                  of which was paid to a single psychologist.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Expert witnesses usually charge hourly rates for trial preparation, depositions, and testimony, which can add up quickly in complex cases.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In a 2021
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="32v+1rk1" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   survey
                  </a>
                  of ~1.1k expert witnesses, the average hourly rates for these three services worked out to some pretty princely sums:
                 </p>
                 <ul style="line-height:125%">
                  <li>
                   Case prep:
                   <strong>
                    $422/hr
                   </strong>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Deposition:
                   <strong>
                    $524/hr
                   </strong>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Trial testimony:
                   <strong>
                    $550/hr
                   </strong>
                  </li>
                 </ul>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In a typical case, the average witness took home
                  <strong>
                   $13k
                  </strong>
                  for ~25 hours of work. But in one case, a forensic architect — who investigates the causes and origins of construction failures — reported getting paid
                  <strong>
                   $2.4m
                  </strong>
                  .
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
           <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-3" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
            <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="hse-image-wrapper" role="presentation" width="100%">
             <tbody>
              <tr>
               <td align="center" class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; text-align:center; padding:10px 10px 0px; font-size:0px" valign="top">
                <img align="middle" alt="A line graph shows that expert witness hourly rates average $422 for case prep, $524 for deposition, and $550 for trial testimony, with averages ranging from low of $100 to high of $2.5k. The typical total earned per case averages $13k." src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.hubspot.com%252Fhs-fs%252Fhubfs%252FDaily%2520Newsletter%2520Images%252FDaily%2520Images%252FNov%25202%25202025%252Fexpert_witnesses_rates.png%253Fwidth%253D1160%2526upscale%253Dtrue%2526name%253Dexpert_witnesses_rates.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5odWJzcCIsInRpbWUiOjE3NjIwODA3MDQuMTQyMTExOH0:1vFVgW:VPlroDmxbntLjZNnZxFYUOFvx9-6K2kAoEuQJxmRqnk" style="outline:none; text-decoration:none; max-width:100%; font-size:16px" width="580"/>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </tbody>
            </table>
           </div>
           <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="" role="presentation" style="" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:16px; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; padding:5px 10px 10px">
               <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-4" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-4_" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    <span style="font-size: 12px;">
                     Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
                    </span>
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Of course, these hourly fees vary widely according to area of expertise.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Medical professionals dominate the highest-paid gigs. Hand surgeons, who are hired to testify in medical negligence cases, average as much as
                  <strong>
                   $1.4k/hr
                  </strong>
                  — ~10x higher than the
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="CqePwY2V" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   national hourly average
                  </a>
                  for their day job.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Horse experts, on the other hand, who might be called upon for equine appraisal in estate disputes, charge an average of just
                  <strong>
                   $225/hr
                  </strong>
                  .
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <strong>
                   Keith Diaz
                  </strong>
                  , an assistant professor of behavioral medicine at Columbia University, says his work as an expert witness is “just a little extra pocket change.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In 2015, Diaz was cold-contacted by a Connecticut prosecutor working on a
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="3+XN1+RL" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   murder case
                  </a>
                  involving a FitBit.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  He was asked to testify that the device was accurate — and for
                  <strong>
                   $350/hr
                  </strong>
                  , he eventually helped the prosecution win the case. Since then, he’s worked on 3 other cases.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “The amount of work, and what you’re paid, depends on the case,” he says. “Sometimes, you have to conduct simulations in the lab, process a bunch of data, or do forensic analysis. Other times, it might just be 20 hours of research and two days in court.”
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
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             <tbody>
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                <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="8cbhhUdd" style="color:#00a4bd" target="_blank">
                 <img align="middle" alt="A bar chart shows the Average hourly trial rates for selected expert witnesses. Top rates are in Hand surgery ($1,433/hr) and Spine surgery ($1,386/hr), while categories like Law enforcement ($298/hr) and Horses ($225/hr) are lower." src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.hubspot.com%252Fhs-fs%252Fhubfs%252FDaily%2520Newsletter%2520Images%252FDaily%2520Images%252FNov%25202%25202025%252FExpert_Witness_Hourly_Rates_Table.png%253Fwidth%253D1160%2526upscale%253Dtrue%2526name%253DExpert_Witness_Hourly_Rates_Table.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5odWJzcCIsInRpbWUiOjE3NjIwODA3MDQuMTQyMjM2fQ:1vFVgW:bvT8szQlfZQkc5nP11Ov3nbrTFuPsw5AkwMF9OrBUng" style="outline:none; text-decoration:none; border:none; max-width:100%; font-size:16px" width="580"/>
                </a>
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              </tr>
             </tbody>
            </table>
           </div>
           <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="" role="presentation" style="" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:16px; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; padding:5px 10px 10px">
               <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-6" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-6_" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    <span style="font-size: 12px;">
                     Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
                    </span>
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  When it comes to setting fees, expert witnesses can, as one attorney puts it, “pretty much go buck wild” — with one exception.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Let’s say an expert psychologist is hired by the prosecution for $700/hr. If the defense team wants to depose her, it must pay her for the privilege. Under the
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="NV9Y8xaT" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
                  </a>
                  , she must charge the opposing side a “reasonable fee.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “Reasonable” is up to interpretation, and has been contested in court many times:
                 </p>
                 <ul style="line-height:125%">
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    Cartrette v. T &amp; J Transport, Inc.
                   </strong>
                   (2011): A treating physician’s demand for $1.5k/hr was reduced to $400/hr.
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    Maxwell v. Stryker Corp
                   </strong>
                   . (2012): An orthopedic surgeon’s demand for $2k/hr was knocked down to $750/hr.
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   <strong>
                    American Medical Systems, Inc. Pelvic Repair Systems Products Liability Litigation
                   </strong>
                   (2019): A pelvic surgeon’s request for $18k/day per day was reduced to $750/hr.
                  </li>
                 </ul>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But this one restriction doesn’t seem to harm experts’ earnings much.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <h2 style="margin:0; line-height:125%; font-size:18px">
                  <strong>
                   The expert witness training business
                  </strong>
                 </h2>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  When attorneys need to find an expert witness in a pinch, they turn to a
                  <strong>
                   $300m+
                  </strong>
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="QQ0i0Mok" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   <strong>
                    cottage industry
                   </strong>
                  </a>
                  of directories, referral services, and journals that compile and dispense professionals in hundreds of trades.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  On
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="PvEizDzX" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   SEAK
                  </a>
                  ’s expert witness directory, a lawyer can select a specialty and browse through the backgrounds of more than
                  <strong>
                   2.3k
                  </strong>
                  experts in all sorts of hyper-niche fields:
                 </p>
                 <ul style="line-height:125%">
                  <li>
                   Street sweepers
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Cryptocurrency scholars
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Wine and spirits distributors
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Ski accident reconstructionists
                  </li>
                 </ul>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “It’s like the Yellow Pages for expert witnesses,” says
                  <strong>
                   James Mangraviti
                  </strong>
                  , an ex-attorney and SEAK principal.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  The company lists experts for free, but makes money by allowing experts to buy promotional placements in the search results.
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
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                <img align="middle" alt="A screenshot of a search result page from SEAK's expert witness database showing the listings for 125 Psychology Expert Witnesses." src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.hubspot.com%252Fhs-fs%252Fhubfs%252FDaily%2520Newsletter%2520Images%252FDaily%2520Images%252FNov%25202%25202025%252Fexpert-witness-sunday-psych.png%253Fwidth%253D1160%2526upscale%253Dtrue%2526name%253Dexpert-witness-sunday-psych.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5odWJzcCIsInRpbWUiOjE3NjIwODA3MDQuMTQyMzUwMn0:1vFVgW:CDci17IfQVCFcQb5cUlSwzd8g-9qsxEkHjFm596cLZE" style="outline:none; text-decoration:none; max-width:100%; font-size:16px" width="580"/>
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            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:16px; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; padding:5px 10px 10px">
               <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-8" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-8_" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    <span style="font-size: 12px;">
                     A search for ‘psychology’ on SEAK’s expert witness database returned 125 witnesses for hire (SEAK)
                    </span>
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  SEAK also runs a lucrative business selling training courses to experts.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Its most popular Zoom seminar, “
                  <em>
                   How to Start, Build, and Run a Successful Expert Witness Practice
                  </em>
                  ” (
                  <strong>
                   $1,295
                  </strong>
                  ) claims that experts can “easily double their income by devoting one day a week to expert witnessing.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “An expert has to walk into a courtroom — a very intimating place — and get cross-examined by an aggressive person who’s getting paid a lot of money to make you look like a fool,” Mangraviti says. “So of course, they need to be prepared for that.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Being a successful expert witness extends beyond expertise and knowledge.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  When selecting an expert, lawyers often look for traits beyond scientific rigor, like confidence, attractiveness, and poise.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “[A] fool with a small flair for acting and mathematics might be a more successful witness than, say, Einstein,”
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="uGvh/xA4" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   wrote
                  </a>
                  one scholar. “They’re not chosen for their knowledge but for their ability to persuade.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  There’s a reason for this: Witnesses who are self-assured, make eye contact, and speak calmly are
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="8Y75ydrB" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   perceived
                  </a>
                  by jurors to be more knowledgeable and trustworthy.
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
           <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-9" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
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                <img align="middle" alt="A line graph illustrating that a higher perceived confidence level of an expert correlates with a higher jurors' credibility rating for both knowledge and trustworthiness." src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fmedia.hubspot.com%252Fhs-fs%252Fhubfs%252FDaily%2520Newsletter%2520Images%252FDaily%2520Images%252FNov%25202%25202025%252Fexpert-witness-confident.png%253Fwidth%253D1160%2526upscale%253Dtrue%2526name%253Dexpert-witness-confident.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZtZWRpYS5odWJzcCIsInRpbWUiOjE3NjIwODA3MDQuMTQyNDU5NH0:1vFVgW:kt3SNln4UN0K34R18x_xk05MJWoJ6gbTxzYPzUVlEeI" style="outline:none; text-decoration:none; max-width:100%; font-size:16px" width="580"/>
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            </table>
           </div>
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            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td class="hs_padded" style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:16px; color:#192733; word-break:break-word; padding:5px 10px 10px">
               <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-10" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                <div class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_module-2-0-10_" style="color: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit;">
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <span style="color: #192733;">
                   <em>
                    <span style="font-size: 12px;">
                     Zachary Crockett / The Hustle
                    </span>
                   </em>
                  </span>
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Other services, like The
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="aMMVXlM3" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   TASA Group
                  </a>
                  and
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="N1mGBRQ5" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   Round Table Group
                  </a>
                  , field requests from lawyers and hand pick experts that fit the occasion.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="JITwPfkx" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   ForensisGroup
                  </a>
                  , founded in 1991, boasts a rolodex of experts in 10k+ specialties and brings in
                  <strong>
                   $10m+
                  </strong>
                  in revenue in referral fees.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  While the majority of expert witnesses on these platforms are gainfully employed and only do witness work as a side gig, several large firms (
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="iKdLzLAx" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   FTI
                  </a>
                  ,
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="586K/BAr" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   BRG
                  </a>
                  ) retain full-time economic consultants who often earn
                  <strong>
                   $500k+/yr
                  </strong>
                  testifying in court.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “We’ve given economists the chance to earn investment bankers’ incomes,”
                  <strong>
                   David Teece
                  </strong>
                  , the founder of BRG,
                  <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="SdiF64Gl" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   told
                  </a>
                  <em>
                   The Wall Street Journal
                  </em>
                  in 2007.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But these lucrative incentives come with a moral trade-off.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <h2 style="margin:0; line-height:125%; font-size:18px">
                  <strong>
                   The ethical quandary of the paid witness
                  </strong>
                 </h2>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Diaz, the FitBit expert, says competing interests can make it challenging at times to “stick to the science” at trial.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “You get on a call with a lawyer who wants you to be a witness, and they give you all these reasons why the defendant is a lowlife and a terrible person,” he says. “They try to convince you. It’s tricky to not let that influence your opinions about what the data show.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In court, witnesses like Diaz often feel they’re pressured into forming definitive opinions that stretch beyond sound science.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “If a heart rate is elevated at a certain time, a prosecutor wants me to say ‘It’s because she was dying.’ I can explain how the device works, but I can’t tell you exactly what that means,” he told
                  <em>
                   The Hustle
                  </em>
                  . “You have to be really careful and stay out of muddled areas.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  Diaz’s concern cuts to the heart of one of the legal world’s biggest internal debates: Can expert witnesses who are paid exorbitant sums by one side of the courtroom maintain scientific truthfulness?
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  The harshest critics of expert witnesses
                  <a data-hs-link-id="1" data-hs-link-id-v2="lm7SyoYa" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                   call them
                  </a>
                  “well-paid prostitutes who sell their services to the highest bidder.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  In her 1997 book, “
                  <em>
                   Whores of the Court: The Fraud of Psychiatric Testimony and the Rape of American Justice
                  </em>
                  ,”
                  <strong>
                   Dr. Margaret A. Hagen
                  </strong>
                  argues that the legal system has been “bamboozled” by scientific sellouts.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “Experts who help lawyers win cases are often rewarded with more work and more money,” says Lewis, the California attorney. “They have a strong financial incentive to please the person paying their checks.”
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  There may be some truth to these claims:
                 </p>
                 <ul style="line-height:125%">
                  <li>
                   A 1994
                   <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="1npV2EKU" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                    study
                   </a>
                   of 131 cases across Baltimore, Seattle, and Tucson found that
                   <strong>
                    77%
                   </strong>
                   of expert witnesses thought lawyers manipulated them to weaken unfavorable testimony and strengthen favorable testimony.
                  </li>
                  <li>
                   Two separate surveys of judges conducted by the Federal Judicial Center
                   <a data-hs-link-id="0" data-hs-link-id-v2="fEp7IEdP" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#192733" target="_blank">
                    concluded
                   </a>
                   that “experts abandon objectivity and become advocates for the side that hires them.”
                  </li>
                 </ul>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  But others say the notion that money distorts objectivity is a red herring used by opposing lawyers to tear down experts’ credibility.
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                 </p>
                 <p style="line-height:125%">
                  “Everybody’s getting paid in a courtroom,” says Mangraviti. “Real experts have solid, truthful opinions that don’t waver under pressure.”
                 </p>
                </div>
               </div>
              </td>
             </tr>
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