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   And when language can affect action
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                              <b>
                               Hey fam — welcome to the
                               <i>
                                Code Switch
                               </i>
                               newsletter!
                              </b>
                              Each week, we’ll round up our favorite stories about race and identity for your reading pleasure (or outrage, depending on the kind of week it’s been). We’ll let you know what’s on our minds, what’s
                              <b>
                               <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2C63AE;text-decoration:underline;" title="coming up on the pod">
                                coming up on the pod
                               </a>
                              </b>
                              , and what we’re reading/watching/listening to as a balm for these trying times.
                              <br/>
                              <br/>
                              And if this weekly dose of updates just isn’t enough, be sure to follow @NPRCodeSwitch on
                              <b>
                               <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#2C63AE;text-decoration:underline;" title="Twitter">
                                Twitter
                               </a>
                              </b>
                              and
                              <b>
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                                Instagram
                               </a>
                              </b>
                              .
                              <br/>
                              <br/>
                              Be easy + Peace,
                              <br/>
                              Code Switch
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                               IN THE NEWS
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                             Fam,
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             Late in 2023, I had some friends over for dinner. It had been a heavy news week, and the conversation quickly turned to what was going on in the Middle East. At that point, less than two months after the devastating October 7 attacks,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="thousands of Palestinian civilians had been killed">
                              thousands of Palestinian civilians had been killed
                             </a>
                             by the Israeli military. My friends started talking about how they perceived what was happening, and it soon turned into a heated debate about what to call Israel’s actions. Was it reckless killing? Ethnic cleansing? Or were we watching a genocide unfold?
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             I’ll be honest — at the time, I didn’t fully understand the stakes of the conversation. Whatever it was, it was awful, I thought. The devastation being wrought was horrendous, no matter what you called it.
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             But as I eventually learned, it actually matters quite a lot what you call violence like that. Because if something is designated a
                             <i>
                              genocide
                             </i>
                             ,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="the entire world is on the hook">
                              the entire world is on the hook
                             </a>
                             .
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                             <br/>
                             Today, the number of people and groups who have stated that Israel is committing genocide has grown. Earlier this week,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="a U.N. commission released a report">
                              a U.N. commission released a report
                             </a>
                             saying that Israel has committed genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. That finding comes in the wake of similar assessments
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="from human rights organizations">
                              from human rights organizations
                             </a>
                             ,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="genocide survivors">
                              genocide survivors
                             </a>
                             ,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="the International Association of Genocide Scholars">
                              the International Association of Genocide Scholars
                             </a>
                             , and the two dozen countries that have signed on to
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="support South Africa’s genocide case against Israel">
                              support South Africa’s genocide case against Israel
                             </a>
                             at the International Court of Justice.
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             So what does all this mean? Well, genocide is a legal term that requires legal action — more than 150 nations
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="have signed onto a treat">
                              have signed onto a treaty
                             </a>
                             stating that if a genocide is unfolding, or at risk of unfolding, they will intervene in order to either prevent or stop it. But genocide is also a notoriously difficult crime to prosecute — largely because convictions require proving that the offending party
                             <i>
                              intended
                             </i>
                             to eliminate, in whole or part, a particular racial, ethnic, national or religious group. Which means that practically speaking, genocide is only officially recognized
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="years after the violence has already taken place">
                              years after the violence has already taken place
                             </a>
                             .
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             Like with Rwanda. Kate Temoney is
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="a member of the International Association of Genocide scholars">
                              a member of the International Association of Genocide scholars
                             </a>
                             . She told me that one of the lessons the world learned after the Rwandan genocide was the cost of not intervening. In just months,
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="an estimated 1 million Rwandans were killed">
                              an estimated 1 million Rwandans were killed
                             </a>
                             . “ You would've hoped that we would see just how much destruction was wrought by standing by, and then what little we could have done that could have made a huge impact.” Unfortunately, she said, “we did learn that it is more common, I think, for the international community to stand by than not.”
                             <br/>
                             <br/>
                             That idea haunts Mohammed El-Kurd. He is
                             <a data-linkto="https://" style="color:#339999;text-decoration:underline;" title="an activist, journalist, and author">
                              an activist, journalist, and author
                             </a>
                             whose work grapples deeply with how violence against Palestinians is characterized and perceived. And he told me he is certain that some day, there will be a consensus that Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians. But at that point, he wonders, will it be too late? “ You know, the Convention of Genocide was not created to help historians feel confident about their assessments long after genocide has ceased. It was created to compel people to act in the moment, to stop it.” he said. “It's much easier to talk about things when they are in the past tense, but it's much more courageous and much more honorable, and it's much more imperative to address things as they're happening in the present. Not when forests grow on top of our graves.”
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                          There was so much I wanted to understand about genocide. So this week on the podcast, I spoke to Mohammed El-Kurd, Kate Temoney, and others about how genocide is perpetrated, why calling something genocide matters, and what that designation requires of the world.
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                          That's it for this week. I hope you all take some time to rest and reflect over the weekend. And in the meantime, you can always write in with your thoughts —
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                          .
                          <br/>
                          <br/>
                          Until next time,
                          <br/>
                          Leah Donnella,
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                         Written by
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