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   All about the economics of childhood
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   The kids are alright — and expensive
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           The kids are alright — and expensive
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           Kids these days (versus 1,000 years ago)
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           In the early Middle Ages, when roughly a third of babies didn’t survive to their first birthday, parents didn’t agonize so much over screentime. But some historians go further, arguing that parents didn’t really agonize about their children,
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           full stop
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           . Instead, kids were seen more like short, incompetent adults, and shoved into the workforce soon as they were yay high. Those that died were mourned, briefly. Those that survived had to earn their place.
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           At least, that’s the argument that the French sociologist Philippe Ariès advanced in the 1960s. Reviewing medieval paintings,
diaries, games, and school records, he concluded that “childhood” as a distinct, sentimentalized life stage didn’t really exist until about the 19th century, and began as an upper-class set of attitudes that slowly, eventually drifted down to the emerging middle class and beyond.
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           It’s a compelling theory, and a disputed one. In the long years since, historians have pushed back hard, arguing that Ariès 
mistook a lack of evidence for a lack of feeling, and that grieving parents in, say, 1150 still felt the loss of their children, and maybe even loved a few of them. As for the children themselves, and what they have to say (the darndest things), scroll on below.
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              Weekend Reading
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               Most thrillers ask, Who did 
it?
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               Beneath the Surface asks a more interesting question:
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               Who gets to decide which stories become history?
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               Set against the layered history of San Antonio, Charlie Diamond's literary mystery follows Detective Mara Reyes and 
once-celebrated novelist Ethan Sloan through hidden tunnels, forgotten property deals, and a murder whose true purpose reaches far beyond the crime itself.
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          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-size:18px;font-family:Georgia,serif">
           Oh, grow up!
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 
0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           It’s true that kids used to be economic assets, not metaphorically but literally — as in hauling water, scaring birds off fields, minding younger siblings, working looms, and mining coal. A child who couldn’t or didn’t contribute was, for much of history, a liability your average family couldn’t 
afford.
          </span>
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           “I have worked in the pit for two weeks; I stand and open and shut the door; I’m generally in the dark, and sit me down against the door... I stop 12 hours in the pit; I never see daylight now, except on Sundays,” as one seven-year-old told a
          </span>
          <a data-linktext="British government commission" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           British government commission
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           in 1842. Those were the days! It’s evidence that, even if Ariès was correct about childhood being a more modern concept, the concept was still firming up in your great-great-grandparents’ day.
          </span>
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Then, somewhere in the last century, our notions about children truly flipped. Whereas feeding a kid used to be a much more 
limited investment, and one that came with a payback period, now it's pretty much just a cost, stretched out over roughly 20 years with no return except hugs and drawings for the fridge. The change has been complicated and political — as much a matter of compulsory schooling laws, and minimum age requirements as it was any new cultural consensus that hard hats should be a matter of dress-up only.
          </span>
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Sociologists studying childhood today talk less about kids as 
passive dependents and more as “social actors” — that is, subjects with their own vivid inner lives and worth studying on their own terms. This represents one more shift in how seriously childhood gets taken. Yet the lived experience of being a kid has arguably never been more managed, more scheduled, above all
          </span>
          <em style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
           scrutinized
          </em>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           . The paradox is, by almost every metric, children are safer than they've ever been, and at the same time, 
they’re more anxious and less free. The happy medium remains a matter of imagination.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 
auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:20px">
           By The Digits
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="1.6" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px" target="_blank">
           1.6
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:5px 30px 15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           The percentage of its GDP that Sweden spends on early childhood care, with its policy model treating childcare as a matter of public infrastructure, rather than some private family burden. The world average runs about 0.7% of GDP, while the U.S. lags behind at just 0.3%. The gap shows how unevenly countries socialize the cost of raising children.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="3.1" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px" target="_blank">
           3.1
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:5px 30px 
15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Percentage of the world’s children who are American — even as they consume some 40% of the world’s toys, according to a UCLA study. Of course, you already know this from your own living room floor.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="29" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px" target="_blank">
           29
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:5px 30px 
15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Percentage of the world’s population currently under 18, reflecting roughly 2.4 billion people, or nearly three in 10 humans on the planet.
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="24" style="width:100%;height:24px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img 
src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="13,128" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           13,128
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:5px 30px 15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           The average annual child care cost for a family in the U.S. as of 2024, where such costs consume about 32% of a typical household’s income. But seriously why aren’t people having kids?!
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="24" style="width:100%;height:24px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" 
style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="2 billion" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           2 billion
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;border:30px none #FFF;line-height:1.67;font-size:16px;padding:5px 30px 15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           The number of children ages 0-14 alive 
today, a handy reminder that, even as birthrates fall, childhood remains a major demographic reality.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
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        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-size:20px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Quotable
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="24" style="width:100%;height:24px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
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         <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="email-cell-group" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;table-layout:fixed">
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            <td class="editor-six-col editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:16.6667%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:20px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <div>
              <img class="img100" height="auto" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Feditor.ne16.com%252Fquartz-prod%252Fquote-marks.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZlZGl0b3IubmUxNiIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODM1Mzc2OTcuNTgwMDM5N30:1whXd3:cvxmIX-81oTnqsWV2YUnCxap4xy_AT_eanPQD3QY0P8" style="width:19px;max-height:15px;vertical-align:middle" width="19"/>
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            <td colspan="4" style="width:66.6667%;background-color:#E9F2F9;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="email-cell-group" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;table-layout:fixed">
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                <td class="editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:100%;padding:15px 10px 5px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
                 <div>
                  <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000000">
                   It is as if, to every period of history, there corresponded a privileged
age and a particular division of human life: ‘youth’ is the privileged age of the 17th century, childhood of the 19th, adolescence of the 20th.
                   <span class="ql-cursor">
                    
                   </span>
                  </span>
                 </div>
                </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                <td class="editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:100%;padding:5px 10px 15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
                 <div>
                  <em style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px;color:#555D68">
                   —French historian Philippe Ariès
                   <a data-linktext="in his landmark book" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
                    in his landmark book
                   </a>
                   , Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life.
                  </em>
                 </div>
                </td>
               </tr>
              </tbody>
             </table>
            </td>
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         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
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         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 
auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:20px">
           Pop Quiz
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 30px;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           In 1938, the U.S. passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, setting the first federal minimum age for work. What was the age?
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
           A. 12
          </strong>
         </div>
         <div>
          <strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
           B. 14
          </strong>
         </div>
         <div>
          <strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
           C. 16
          </strong>
         </div>
         <div>
          <strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
           D. 19
          </strong>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 30px;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Check out the answer at
          </span>
          <a data-linktext="the bottom of this email" data-linktype="Anchor" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           the bottom of 
this email
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           .
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
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       <tr>
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         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-size:20px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Brief History
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="Approx 80,000 years ago:" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           Approx 80,000 years ago:
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000000">
           
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 15px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Neanderthal footprints suggest packs of children running amok, perhaps playing in ways we’d recognize today.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="1750" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           1750
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000000">
           
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 15px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Data from Sweden suggests that, as late as the 18th century, about 40% of children died before age 15.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto 
Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="1960" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           1960
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 15px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Philippe Ariès published
          </span>
          <em style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Centuries of Childhood
          </em>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           in French, while the English translation came out in 1962. His argument that historical understanding of childhood has changed dramatically over time upended the common assumption that childhood is a fixed, universal experience.
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="1990s" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           1990s
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 15px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Newer sociological views of childhood emerge, with children being viewed as people with their own subjectivity, valid feelings, agency, etc.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:15px 30px 5px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Serif,serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <a data-linktext="2024" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           2024
          </a>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 15px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           More than 3.6 million babies were born in the U.S., which sounds like a lot. But it reflects a long-term decline in the birthrate, one mirrored in many other developed countries, such as Japan, where adult diapers
          </span>
          <a data-linktext="outsell" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           outsell
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           those for kids.
          </span>
          <em style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           Waaah
          </em>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           , indeed. We may be taking children more seriously now, and having fewer. Whether these things are related is an open question.
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:20px">
           Fun Fact
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#E9F2F9">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:100%;padding:15px 30px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           If you don't remember much about your early childhood, you’re not the only one. Scientists speak of “
          </span>
          <a data-linktext="childhood amnesia" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
           childhood amnesia
          </a>
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#555D68">
           ” and have found that most people's earliest memory is a moving target which depends on how subjects are asked and how many times they’re asked. But most people don’t recall anything before about age four.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
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        </td>
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         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 
auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          Take Me Down This Rabbit Hole
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30" style="background-color:#EDF0F4">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#EDF0F4;width:100%;padding:5px 30px 
15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          <span style="color:#555D68">
           If you want to spark a good conversation with your parents or even your own children about their childhoods,
          </span>
          <a data-linktext="check out this list of prompts" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           check out this list of prompts
          </a>
          <span style="color:#555D68">
           from Story Corps,
a nonprofit oral-history project staffed by folks who ask such questions for a living.
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
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         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="editor-email-poll" data-pollid="ec2e34b9-db80-422e-805f-fb984cee321e">
          <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
           How do you remember your own childhood?
          </h2>
          <div class="editor-poll-answers classic">
           <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 8px 0;" width="100%">
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              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:none;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-lspace:0;mso-table-rspace:0;mso-margin-top-alt:0px;mso-margin-bottom-alt:0px;mso-padding-alt:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width="100%">
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                 <tr>
                  <td height="20" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
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                   </a>
                   <table align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="newButton" height="20" style="-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;padding-right:15px;mso-padding-right-alt:15px;padding-left:15px;mso-padding-left-alt:15px;padding-top:10px;mso-padding-top-alt:10px;padding-bottom:10px;mso-padding-bottom-alt:10px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width="100%">
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                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 
12px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            I walked five miles to school, barefoot, uphill both ways, and I liked it!
                           </a>
                           <!--<![endif]-->
                           <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10959779/226416231/10000535/1/1009502/?abb9e380=ZTRmYjBkNTItYjk2My00Mjg3LWIyYmItMTEyYWMyZmRkMGJj&x=10e79b33" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;  border: none; display: block; ">I walked five miles to school, 
barefoot, uphill both ways, and I liked it!</a><![endif]-->
                          </td>
                         </tr>
                        </tbody>
                       </table>
                      </td>
                     </tr>
                    </tbody>
                   </table>
                  </td>
                 </tr>
                </tbody>
               </table>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
           <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 8px 0;" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
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                 <tr>
                  <td height="20" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                   <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;  border: 1px solid #105C8E; display: block; " target="_blank">
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                    <tbody>
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                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 
12px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            Eating Kraft Dinner and chugging Kool-Aid while Mom smoked Capris.
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           .
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