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   Climate: Mining the bottom of the sea
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   Trillions of dollars of minerals, and a crucial ecosystem, lie at the bottom of the ocean.
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             June 4, 2026
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              Metals worth trillions of dollars sit at the bottom of the ocean.
             </span>
             <span style="margin:0;font:11px/11px georgia,serif;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
              The New York Times
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        <h1 style="color:#000;font:400 30px/37.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 12px">
         <span>
          Inside the quest to mine the bottom of the sea
         </span>
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             <p style="font:13px/18px arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#000;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:3px">
              By
              <a class="css-nanfcg" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;color:inherit">
               Harry Stevens
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        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          For the past few months, I have been reporting on the nascent deep-sea mining industry. Metals worth trillions of dollars
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          lie at the bottom of the sea
         </a>
         <span>
          , and a handful of companies have been developing the technology to get them up to the surface and into electric car batteries, weapons systems and whatever else might need it.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          The industry faces major hurdles to get off the ground. Environmentalists and some scientists are appalled at the idea of meddling with fragile ocean ecosystems. Plus, most of the metal is in international waters — ostensibly shared by of all humanity — and the international community has not agreed on rules for mining there.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          Recently, however, the industry caught a break. Despite the protests of many nations, the United States may soon award the first permit for commercial mining in international waters. The move is of a piece with the Trump administration’s apparent lack of concern with violating the conventions of international cooperation.
         </span>
        </p>
        <h3 style="color:#000;font:400 20px/27.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          Getting to the bottom of it
         </span>
        </h3>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          But if, for a minute, you can set aside the environmental and geopolitical concerns, what remains is a mind-blowing engineering challenge. The metal is miles below the ocean surface. At those depths, the world is utterly dark. The water pressure is hundreds of times greater than the air pressure at the surface. We have better maps of the dark side of the Moon than of the bottom of our oceans.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          With my colleagues Sachi Kitajima Mulkey and Junho Lee, I set out to show
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          how deep-sea mining could actually work
         </a>
         <span>
          . We contacted The Metals Company, a firm at the forefront of the deep-sea mining industry, and asked them to share a 3-D model of their equipment. To our mild surprise, they agreed. They even took the time to walk us through how it all works.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          The result is
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          an article we published today
         </a>
         <span>
          that focuses on a real test mission the company ran a few years ago. In the article, you follow one of the world’s first deep-sea mining ships to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, a vast area of the Pacific Ocean between Mexico and Hawaii. From there, you travel from the surface to the bottom of the sea and back up again.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          Along the way, you watch as a bus-sized mining robot is lowered from the side of the ship. You see how it deploys what amounts to a miles-long industrial straw to suck metal nodules off the seafloor. And you get a glimpse of the otherworldly creatures that live in the environment where the deep-sea mining industry wishes to operate.
         </span>
        </p>
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             <img alt="A group of gray sea creatures." class="css-18ei5jy" height="883" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2026%252F06%252F04%252Fclimate%252Fdeep-sea-nodules%252Fdeep-sea-nodules-jumbo.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5MTc0Mn0:1wVAXt:q3-xiNQrddg5FY-czcGeN2B1ZiDvkaxE4ViCQ0yfEdE" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;height:auto;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:8px" width="500"/>
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            <span class="css-14cus5q" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;text-align:left">
             <span style="color:#666;font:normal 14px georgia,serif">
              Corals, sponges, worms and other animals live on deep-sea metal nodules.
             </span>
             <span style="margin:0;font:11px/11px georgia,serif;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
              The Natural History Museum in London and University of Gothenburg
             </span>
            </span>
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        <h3 style="color:#000;font:400 20px/27.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          What’s next?
         </span>
        </h3>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          If The Metals Company and its competitors can figure out how to turn a profit, deep-sea mining could grow. The industry says that, to the extent that deep-sea mining replaces land-based mining, with its track record of environmental degradation and worker abuses, the world would be better off.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          Environmentalists don’t buy that argument, saying deep-sea mining would add to, rather than replace, land-based mining. In any case, even if U.S. regulators grant licenses this year, commercial mining is most likely still years in the future. (The Trump administration has argued that deep sea mining is allowed under
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          a 1980 act by Congress
         </a>
         <span>
          and that the United States is not party to the international
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          Law of the Sea
         </a>
         <span>
          .)
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          Still, a fleet of deep sea mining ships doesn’t yet exist, and few refineries have proven capable of turning the nodules into something usable. Environmental groups are expected to challenge any U.S. license in court, while future U.S. administrations could reverse support for the industry.
         </span>
        </p>
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         <span>
          More climate news
         </span>
        </h2>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          E.U. steps up ocean monitoring as Trump administration backs away
         </span>
         <span>
          : Days after the Trump administration vowed to dismantle a deep-ocean observation system, the European Union said it would
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          bolster its own monitoring of the world’s oceans
         </a>
         <span>
          .
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          Democrats, for their part, are vowing fight the removal of the ocean monitors
         </span>
         <span>
          : The system c
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          ost $368 million when it was installed
         </a>
         <span>
          in 2016 but now officials want to shut it down, which they say would save $48 million in operating costs each year.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          Arizona and Nevada agree to trade for desalinated Pacific Ocean water
         </span>
         <span>
          : A novel agreement was reached on Wednesday
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          to help mitigate water problems in the West.
         </a>
         <span>
          Under the deal, Arizona and Nevada will pay communities in Southern California to use water from desalination plants rather than the Colorado River. Then, those states will draw those communities’ share of Colorado River water for their own use.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-weight:700">
          An unusual Greenpeace lawsuit may proceed
         </span>
         <span>
          : A Dutch court
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          ruled on Wednesday
         </a>
         <span>
          that Greenpeace International could proceed with its unusual countersuit against the pipeline company Energy Transfer in the Netherlands.
         </span>
        </p>
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           </td>
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           </td>
          </tr>
         </tbody>
        </table>
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         <tbody>
          <tr>
           <td style="text-align:center">
            <img alt="A large LED light." class="css-18ei5jy" height="750" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2025%252F07%252F18%252Fmultimedia%252F04cli-newsletter-DeepSea-Mining-03%252FCLI-50x50-Pennsylvania-promo-01-fgzb-jumbo.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5MzM4N30:1wVAXt:NloDhySiSy0lXma-8LCJPCSOl9uY7LNNGiUwgVwmTGM" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;height:auto;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:8px" width="500"/>
           </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
           <td class="css-1b9cqt1" style="text-align:center;width:100%;padding-bottom:15px;line-height:14px">
            <span class="css-14cus5q" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;text-align:left">
             <span style="color:#666;font:normal 14px georgia,serif">
              An L.E.D. light on a Pittsburgh street last summer.
             </span>
             <span style="margin:0;font:11px/11px georgia,serif;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
              Danielle Amy for The New York Times
             </span>
            </span>
           </td>
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        </table>
        <p style="color:#000;font:700 12px/15px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:2px;letter-spacing:.8px;margin:0">
         CLIMATE SCIENCE
        </p>
        <h2 style="color:#000;font:400 25px/32.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
         <span>
          Bright city lights might be making your allergies worse
         </span>
        </h2>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          New research shows that light pollution prompts plants to shed pollen longer, increases the growth of notoriously allergenic ragweed and
         </span>
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline">
          makes our bodies more prone to allergic reactions
         </a>
         <span>
          , from runny noses to asthma.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          The study, published in the journal PNAS Nexus, focused on the U.S. Northeast and found that trees in cities like New York City and Philadelphia start producing pollen earlier in the spring and finish later in the fall compared with places in the same region with low light pollution. The difference could add up to 130 days per year to the allergy season, the researchers found.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span>
          Light pollution is widespread: Almost 80 percent of North Americans can’t perceive the Milky Way because of sources like streetlights, car headlights and illuminated billboards. —
         </span>
         <span style="font-style:italic">
          Marta Zaraska
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:700">
          Read more
         </a>
         <span>
          .
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        </p>
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           <td style="text-align:center">
            <img alt="A bird with a white body and a black beak and head sits on a tree branch. " class="css-1b7vfn3" height="333" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2026%252F06%252F04%252Fmultimedia%252F04cli-newsletter-DeepSea-Mining-02-blgt%252F04cli-newsletter-DeepSea-Mining-02-blgt-jumbo.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5NDYyMn0:1wVAXt:L-YTdjN-_FjTNW-yao3yDRvKWR-ei1qBsUC5NhhSB6Q" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;height:auto;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:5px" width="500"/>
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            <span class="css-14cus5q" style="display:inline-block;width:83%;max-width:500px;text-align:right">
             <span style="margin:0;font:11px/11px georgia,serif;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">
              Graham Dickie for The New York Times
             </span>
            </span>
           </td>
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        <p style="color:#000;font:700 12px/15px arial,sans-serif;padding-bottom:2px;letter-spacing:.8px;margin:0">
         THE CLIMATE QUIZ
        </p>
        <h2 style="color:#000;font:400 25px/32.5px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px">
         <span>
          What bird is in danger of leaving New York City?
         </span>
        </h2>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-style:italic">
          These birds, about two feet tall, have been spotted in Harlem green spaces, along the East River in Queens and on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, where they are rumored to be aficionados of the local rats, Hilary Howard writes.
         </span>
         <br/>
         <br/>
         <span style="font-style:italic">
          Still, the birds could vanish from New York City in 11 years, according to a new study. Scientists are trying to understand why, with possible factors including climate change and environmental toxins. These feathery creatures are considered an indicator species, which means that they fail to thrive when a pollutant or irritant is present, and some experts say they are “the canary in the coal mine” for biodiversity loss in the area.
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <span style="font-style:italic">
          Which bird is this?
         </span>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:700">
          A double-crested cormorant
         </a>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:700">
          A cattle egret
         </a>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:700">
          A glossy ibis
         </a>
        </p>
        <p style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;color:#333;margin:0 0 15px">
         <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:700">
          A black-crowned night heron
         </a>
        </p>
        <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="width:100%">
         <tbody>
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           <td style="padding-top:15px">
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           <td style="padding:7px 0 20px;border-top:2px solid #000">
            <h2 class="css-hjhb8p" style="letter-spacing:.4px;font:700 17px/25px arial,sans-serif;color:#000;margin:0;padding:0">
             OTHER CLIMATE NEWS
            </h2>
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            <table role="presentation" style="width:100%">
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                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <img alt="Voters casting their ballots on Tuesday in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles." class="css-7y77sk" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2026%252F06%252F02%252Fmultimedia%252F02calif-midterms-palisades-tgvw%252F02calif-midterms-palisades-tgvw-square640.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5NTc0N30:1wVAXt:y3OS3eWeoGuPj1xh1sCR1t0Po-3d6XBi6g71Y5Z052o" style="width:291px;box-sizing:border-box;vertical-align:top" width="291"/>
                 <p style="color:#888;font:11px/17px georgia,serif;margin:2px 0 0;text-align:right">
                  Philip Cheung for The New York Times
                 </p>
                </a>
               </td>
               <td class="css-r8caib" style="min-width:291px;width:100%;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:15px">
                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <h3 style="color:#000;margin:0;padding:0 0 5px;font:700 20px/25px georgia,serif">
                  Pacific Palisades Voters Remain Frustrated by Fire Aftermath
                 </h3>
                 <p class="css-1bi319l" style="color:#333;font:17px/22.5px georgia,serif;margin:0;margin-bottom:10px">
                  Residents of the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles headed to the polls on Tuesday. Many are waiting for their homes to be rebuilt.
                 </p>
                 <p style="color:#000;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif;margin:0;letter-spacing:.2px">
                  By Jennifer Medina
                 </p>
                </a>
               </td>
              </tr>
             </tbody>
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            <table role="presentation" style="width:100%">
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               <td class="css-5i4540" style="display:inline-block;width:291px;max-width:291px;vertical-align:top">
                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <img alt="Article Image" class="css-7y77sk" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2026%252F06%252F03%252Fmultimedia%252F00biz-lng-duopoly-01-ljgw%252F00biz-lng-duopoly-01-ljgw-square640.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5NjgyN30:1wVAXt:U5PvwTw5io4bP7n7BfSnwnhYRd2mcWXy0uf26H_S94s" style="width:291px;box-sizing:border-box;vertical-align:top" width="291"/>
                 <p style="color:#888;font:11px/17px georgia,serif;margin:2px 0 0;text-align:right">
                  Picture Alliance, via Getty Images
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                </a>
               </td>
               <td class="css-r8caib" style="min-width:291px;width:100%;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:15px">
                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <h3 style="color:#000;margin:0;padding:0 0 5px;font:700 20px/25px georgia,serif">
                  The U.S.-Qatar Domination of Gas Left the World Dangerously Exposed
                 </h3>
                 <p class="css-1bi319l" style="color:#333;font:17px/22.5px georgia,serif;margin:0;margin-bottom:10px">
                  Before the war, the global market for liquefied natural gas was increasingly commanded by just two countries, one of which has now been hobbled.
                 </p>
                 <p style="color:#000;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif;margin:0;letter-spacing:.2px">
                  By River Akira Davis
                 </p>
                </a>
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            <table role="presentation" style="width:100%">
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               <td class="css-5i4540" style="display:inline-block;width:291px;max-width:291px;vertical-align:top">
                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <img alt="A woman is swimming in a pool underground; two men are behind her in the water." class="css-7y77sk" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Fstatic01.nyt.com%252Fimages%252F2026%252F06%252F05%252Fmultimedia%252F04cul-underland-review-wbkf%252F04cul-underland-review-wbkf-square640.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZzdGF0aWMwMS5ueSIsInRpbWUiOjE3ODA1ODkwMjkuOTM5NzkxNH0:1wVAXt:nYJu0RScSf-Ioxa3_Xjw4zdwScfycwq-eu52nKV9b48" style="width:291px;box-sizing:border-box;vertical-align:top" width="291"/>
                 <p style="color:#888;font:11px/17px georgia,serif;margin:2px 0 0;text-align:right">
                  Oscilloscope
                 </p>
                </a>
               </td>
               <td class="css-r8caib" style="min-width:291px;width:100%;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:15px">
                <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="-webkit-text-decoration:underline;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block">
                 <h3 style="color:#000;margin:0;padding:0 0 5px;font:700 20px/25px georgia,serif">
                  ‘Underland’ Review: Subterranean Adventurers
                 </h3>
                 <p class="css-1bi319l" style="color:#333;font:17px/22.5px georgia,serif;margin:0;margin-bottom:10px">
                  All over the world, voyagers are descending, legally and not, into the lower depths. This documentary offers a frustratingly abbreviated look at three of them.
                 </p>
                 <p style="color:#000;font:600 13px/18px arial,sans-serif;margin:0;letter-spacing:.2px">
                  By Manohla Dargis
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          More climate news from around the web:
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                Spain recorded 101 heat-related deaths in May,
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               <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;vertical-align:middle">
                Reuters reports
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               <span style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;vertical-align:middle">
                , the highest figure for the month on record and 3.6 times the average for May this decade.
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                China’s carbon dioxide emissions rose 2 percent in the first quarter, according to
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               <a class="css-sdwaa1" style="color:#286ed0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;vertical-align:middle">
                an analysis by Carbon Brief
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                , driven by more coal use and higher amounts of “wasted” wind and solar power that wasn’t used by the grid.
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                “Last year, global data centers used 448 trillion watt-hours of electricity, more than all but 10 countries of the world,”
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                The Associated Press writes
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               <span style="font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;vertical-align:middle">
                , citing a new United Nations report.
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