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   The Guilt Machine. How tipping stopped being a reward and became a tax
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   There has been a long standing debate over the economics and ethics of ask
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          Wednesday, May 13, 2026
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          The Guilt Machine. How tipping stopped being a reward and became a tax
         </h2>
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           There has been a long standing debate over the economics and ethics of tipping
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          The screen turns. You didn't want it to turn. But now it's right in front of you.
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          <br/>
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          There are large, friendly cornflower-blue buttons labeled 18%, 20%, and 25%. A small, slightly 
shameful "No tip" link sits at the bottom in drab gray. You've ordered a bottle of water. The barista is watching. You press 20% and feel, somehow, both virtuous and vaguely resentful. You're not sure who you're angry at.
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          That feeling is not an accident. It was designed.
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               AARP Members: Get 30% off Online Therapy from BetterHelp
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               May is Mental Health Awareness Month, and just in time BetterHelp is now the exclusive online therapy provider for AARP members.
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               With AARP® Online Therapy by BetterHelp from BetterHelp, adults 50 and older can now gain access to licensed therapists through a flexible, easy-to-use digital platform—because support should meet you wherever you 
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               Get 30% off your 1st month of a BetterHelp subscription* or check if you’re eligible to pay with insurance!
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                              Get this special offer for AARP 
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                             <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/7540419/4/1009502/?x=59503162" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; border: none; display: block; ">Get this special offer for AARP members</a><![endif]-->
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              The services are provided through BetterHelp and its independent licensed therapist, not AARP or its affiliates. BetterHelp pays a royalty fee to AARP for the use of its intellectual property. These fees are used for the general purposes of AARP.
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              *Offer valid for new users only. Offer cannot be combined with 
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           How service workers actually get paid
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         <div>
          For most Americans, the tip is understood 
as a reward. Good service earns one. Bad service doesn't. But that is a lie, or at least not the whole truth.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The federal minimum cash wage for tipped employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act is $2.13 an hour. It has not changed since 1991. The law assumes that tips will bridge the gap between those two dollars and the federal minimum wage of $7.25. If they don't, the employer is legally required to cover the difference. Unfortunately, in practice, more than a third of restaurant workers surveyed have reported that 
their tips failed to bring their pay up to minimum wage.
         </div>
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          <br/>
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         <div>
          This is not a gratuity on top of a wage. For millions of workers, the tip is the wage.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Tipping, in a sense, is a system wherein the financial risk of a slow Tuesday night falls entirely on the person taking the order. A half-empty restaurant means a half-empty paycheck. An ice storm in February, a power outage, a slow week after the holidays. All of it lands on the worker. The employer, meanwhile, is legally insulated from the variability 
that defines the job.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Eight states, including California, Washington, and Oregon, have eliminated the tipped minimum wage entirely, requiring employers to pay all workers the full state minimum before tips are added. Washington tops the list at $17.13 an hour. At the other end, Idaho, for example, sets the cash minimum at $3.35, and fifteen states still mirror the federal floor of $2.13. A restaurant worker's financial security depends, in no small part, on which side of a state line they happen to stand 
on.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:left;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          By The Digits
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="editor-email-codeblock" style="margin: 11px; font-size: 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center">
          <table style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px">
           <caption style="font-size:14px;font-weight:600;color:#105C8E;text-align:left;padding:0 0 10px;caption-side:top">
            Minimum cash wages for tipped employees, by state
           </caption>
           <thead>
            <tr>
             <th style="width:190px;background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;padding:10px;text-align:left;font-weight:600">
              State
             </th>
             <th style="width:175px;background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;padding:10px;text-align:left;font-weight:600">
              Minimum cash wage (tipped)
             </th>
             <th style="width:215px;background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;padding:10px;text-align:left;font-weight:600">
              Note
             </th>
            </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <strong>
               Federal baseline
              </strong>
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $2.13
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Unchanged since 1991
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;padding:6px 10px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
              States requiring full minimum wage before tips
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Washington
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $17.13
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; tips on top
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              California
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $16.90
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; tips on top
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Oregon
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $14.05–$16.30
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; varies by region
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Alaska
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $13.00
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; tips on top
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Nevada
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $12.00
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; tips on top
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Minnesota
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $11.41
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; tips on top
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Montana
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $10.85
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Full minimum; large businesses
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;padding:6px 10px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
              States with cash wage above $2.13 but below full minimum
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Hawaii
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $14.75
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Tip credit permissible if combined wage exceeds minimum by $7.00
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              District of Columbia
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $10.00
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Scheduled to rise to 75% of minimum wage by 2034
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Colorado
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $12.14
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Arizona
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $12.15
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Illinois
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $9.00
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              40% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Florida
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $10.98
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Scheduled to reach $15.00 by Sept 2026
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Connecticut
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $6.38–$8.23
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Varies by worker type
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Massachusetts
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $6.75
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              New Jersey
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $6.05
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Maine
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $7.55
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              50% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Vermont
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $7.21
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              50% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Missouri
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $7.50
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              50% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Michigan
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $5.49
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Scheduled to reach 50% of minimum wage by 2031
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              South Dakota
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $5.93
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              50% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Ohio
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $5.50
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Employers with gross receipts of $405,000+
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Maryland
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $3.63
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Rhode Island
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $3.89
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              New Mexico
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $3.00
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Iowa
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $4.35
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              40% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              North Dakota
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $4.86
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              33% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Idaho
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $3.35
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
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            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              West Virginia
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $2.62
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              70% of applicable minimum wage
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Delaware
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $2.23
             </td>
             <td height="1" style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:1px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
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            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              New York
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Varies
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              By region and employer type
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;padding:6px 10px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
              States mirroring the federal floor of $2.13
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              $2.13
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Mirrors federal baseline
             </td>
            </tr>
           </tbody>
           <tfoot>
            <tr>
             <td colspan="3" style="padding:8px 10px;font-size:11px;color:#666666;background-color:#FEFEFE;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
              Source: US Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, January 1, 2026
             </td>
            </tr>
           </tfoot>
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          The tipped minimum wage explains why tipping exists
at the scale it does. Technology explains why it feels so inescapable now.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          For most of the twentieth century, tipping had built-in friction. You got the check, you did the math in your head, you left cash on the table, or wrote a number on a receipt line. No one was watching the exact moment of decision. The social pressure was real but diffuse.
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          That changed when Square launched its point-of-sale tablet in 2009. Where cash tips were a private gesture made after the fact,
          <a data-linktext="Square embedded" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           Square embedded
          </a>
          the tip decision directly into the payment transaction itself, in real time, with the employee often standing across the counter. In effect, Square facilitated tipping at non-traditional venues, including ice cream parlors, coffee shops, and bakeries, and was on track to process roughly a quarter of a billion dollars in annual 
tips, mostly at places where customers had never tipped before or would have tossed spare change into a jar.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The design choices involved are not accidental either. Defaulting the lowest suggested option to 18% or 20% exploits what behavioral economists call anchoring, which is the tendency to select from the options presented rather than calculating independently. Rotating the screen toward the customer while an employee watches applies social accountability at the exact moment of choice.
         </div>
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          <br/>
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         <div>
          <a data-linktext="Research published" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           Research published
          </a>
          in 2024 by marketing professors Sara Hanson and Nathan Warren, based on a field study of 36,000 transactions and more than 1,100 participants, found that customers who felt watched while tipping were less likely to return or recommend a business. High surveillance led to resentment, not generosity. The guilt 
machine, it turns out, can be self-defeating.
         </div>
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          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Square and Toast, the two dominant point-of-sale providers, collect transaction fees on the full payment processed, tips included. A 2.6% processing fee applies to the tip, the same as to the meal. There is a direct financial incentive embedded in the software architecture to push tip amounts upward. The people who designed the screen are not neutral parties.
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           Winners and losers
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         <div>
          Not everyone loses in the tipping economy. For some workers in certain settings, gratuities are 
genuinely lucrative, and the system functions more or less as its defenders describe.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Consider a private golf club. At a place like Chester Valley Golf Club in Pennsylvania, the first tee sits directly in front of a handsome clubhouse, and on a busy weekend, the gratuity economy runs from the parking lot to the nineteenth hole.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
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         <div>
          The valet who lifts the bag from the trunk gets a tip. The parking attendant gets a few dollars. The locker room attendant gets some. The 50-something guy in a ball cap 
who cleans and polishes shoes while you have a drink gets tipped, too. Servers and bartenders are tipped throughout the round and after. The caddie, walking 18 holes in the heat while carrying two bags, might make $100 a round or more. Even the kitchen staff and greenskeepers will see something around the holidays.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          And then there is the caddie master. Responsible for coordinating tee times and managing the bag room, he is the operational center of the club's service experience, and in the right club, he may receive a 
gratuity from nearly every member who plays. Over a full season, that adds up to a very nice living.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          For these workers, tipping is not a broken system. It is a functional one, with real earning potential and a clear social logic. Members tip because the service is personal, the relationships are ongoing, and the custom is understood by everyone involved.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Now consider the other end. A server at a diner in a state that mirrors the federal floor is earning $2.13 an hour before tips. On a busy 
weekend brunch shift, she might clear well above minimum wage. On a slow Wednesday dinner, she might not. The math of a good week can obscure how precarious the underlying structure is.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          A 2024
          <a data-linktext="analysis by the National Women's Law Center" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           analysis by the National Women's Law Center
          </a>
          found that the poverty rate for women tipped workers is more 
than double that of all other workers, with the highest rates concentrated in states that still pay the federal floor of $2.13 an hour.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="color:#000000">
           The spread
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          Somewhere between the private club and the diner lies the phenomenon that has made tipping feel newly unbearable to a large share of Americans. Tipping has escaped the contexts that gave it its original logic and colonized nearly every point of sale in the country.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          A
          <a data-linktext="2024 survey" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           2024 survey
          </a>
          found that nearly three-quarters of Americans believe tipping has gotten out of control, and more than half said they tip out of social pressure rather than any sense that service warranted it. The tablet screen is the proximate cause, but the deeper driver is that the infrastructure of tipping, the POS system, the default percentage, and the 
rotating screen can now be added to virtually any business at minimal cost.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          This is where the system starts to break down as a coherent concept. At a fast food counter or a mall food court, the teenager handing over your slice of pepperoni pizza is almost certainly not a tipped employee under federal or state law. That teen is probably earning minimum wage. The tip prompt on the screen at the counter is not supplementing a subminimum wage. It is, for all practical purposes, a discretionary price increase that may or may
not reach the worker at all, depending on how the employer structures payroll. Some companies pool those amounts. Some apply them broadly to labor costs. Some may simply absorb them as profit.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          Nobody tells you this when the screen turns.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="left" class="editor-cell-image td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;font-size:1px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <a aria-label="Linked 
image" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
          <img class="img100" data-linktype="Normal" data-target="_blank" height="auto" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Feditor.ne16.com%252Fquartz-obsession%252F051326-pew-chart.jpg/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZlZGl0b3IubmUxNiIsInRpbWUiOjE3Nzg3MDAwMTguNDIxNDI3fQ:1wNF7y:LNfWNkCFL40dgoivz39qOUsm8ZnexGUg_YS1zmS3jMo" style="width:560px;max-height:649px;vertical-align:middle;border:0" width="560"/>
         </a>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="color:#000000">
           The economics of the ask
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          There is a case to be made for tipping, and economists have made it, though usually with 
reservations. The strongest argument is based on repeated interactions. If you return to the same restaurant, tipping the server creates an incentive for good service on every subsequent visit. The social contract has a rational structure, at least between regulars and the people who serve them.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The efficiency argument runs deeper. Economists generally favor paying workers according to their productivity. Servers in the United States are paid below minimum wage because, as mentioned above, tips are expected to make up 
the difference. By tipping, the customer is theoretically raising the worker's compensation to the level that reflects the service's actual value. Emily Oster, an economist at Brown University,
          <a data-linktext="put it plainly" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
           put it plainly
          </a>
          : the server's base wage does not reflect their true productivity, and tipping corrects for 
that.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The problem is that this logic only holds if the tip actually correlates with service quality. Research consistently shows that it does not. Tip amounts correlate more strongly with the server's race, gender, and physical appearance than with the quality of the meal or the attentiveness of the service. A system designed to reward performance has become one that rewards characteristics that have nothing to do with performance.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The other failure of the economic model is the one-time 
interaction. If you are eating at a restaurant in a city you are visiting once, the repeated-game logic evaporates entirely. There is no future relationship to protect, no incentive structure to maintain. And yet the social expectation of tipping remains just as strong. At that point, the tip is not an economic signal. It is a tax collected by social pressure.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h3 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:18px;color:#105C8E;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="color:#000000">
           An American vice
           <span class="ql-cursor">
            
           </span>
          </span>
         </h3>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad0">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 0;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          Here is the part of the story that tends to surprise people. Tipping is not an ancient American 
custom. It is a contested practice that won by default, and there was a moment not long ago when the country came close to abolishing it entirely.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          In 1904, the Anti-Tipping Society of America was founded in Georgia. Aspiring members swore not to tip for an entire year. Before long, the society grew to 100,000 strong, drawing an unlikely coalition of wealthy industrialists, traveling salesmen, labor organizers, and ordinary citizens who found something philosophically offensive in the whole arrangement. The objections 
were pointed. Tipping, critics argued, created a class of Americans whose livelihood depended on performing deference, and another class who expected it. It was, according to some, a “European” import, a feudal holdover, an affront to the democratic ideals the country claimed to hold.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          In 1916, William R. Scott, a writer from Paducah, Kentucky, published
          <em>
           <a data-linktext="The Itching Palm" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
            The 
Itching Palm
           </a>
          </em>
          , perhaps the first book ever devoted entirely to the subject. His indictment was a moral one. A tip, he wrote, is the price "one American is willing to pay to induce another American to acknowledge inferiority." Tipping was not generosity. It was a daily re-enactment of a class hierarchy that American democracy claimed to have abolished.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          From 1909 to 1918, seven states passed laws banning the practice outright. The laws, however, were struck down or repealed within a decade, mostly on grounds of 
personal liberty. The courts ruled, with some irony, that Americans had the right to make each other feel inferior.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The anti-tipping movement died. The habit survived. And the question it raised, who is responsible for paying the people who serve you, was never answered. It was buried instead, first under decades of custom, then under a tipped minimum wage that made the question economically inconvenient to restate, and finally under a point-of-sale system sophisticated enough to make the ask feel like your 
idea.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          The screen turns. You press 20%.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          <span style="font-size:20px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
           Quotable
          </span>
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="24" style="width:100%;height:24px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="email-cell-group" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;table-layout:fixed">
          <tbody>
           <tr class="non-responsive trpad15" style="background-color:#E9F2F9">
            <td class="editor-six-col editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:16.6667%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:20px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <div>
              <img class="img100" height="auto" src="https://inboxflows.com/_/image/https%253A%252F%252Feditor.ne16.com%252Fquartz-prod%252Fquote-marks.png/?inbox_flows_img_sig=eyJwYXRoIjoiaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZlZGl0b3IubmUxNiIsInRpbWUiOjE3Nzg3MDAwMTguNDIxNTEzOH0:1wNF7y:fFxBAUqWdtQzxZFmzJulNkUpsmv-PQyxMTAKCsjJf08" style="width:19px;max-height:15px;vertical-align:middle" width="19"/>
             </div>
            </td>
            <td colspan="4" style="width:66.6667%;background-color:#E9F2F9;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="email-cell-group" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;table-layout:fixed">
              <colgroup>
               <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
               <tr>
                <td class="editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="line-height:1.7;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:100%;padding:15px 10px 5px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
                 <div>
                  <span style="color:#000000">
                   The moral wrong of tipping is in the grafting spirit it engenders in
                  </span>
                 </div>
                 <div>
                  <span style="color:#000000">
                   those who profit by it; in the rigid class distinctions it creates in a
                  </span>
                 </div>
                 <div>
                  <span style="color:#000000">
                   republic; in the loss of that fineness of self-respect without which men
                  </span>
                 </div>
                 <div>
                  <span style="color:#000000">
                   and women are only so much clay--worthless dregs in the crucible of
                  </span>
                 </div>
                 <div>
                  <span style="color:#000000">
                   democracy.
                   <span class="ql-cursor">
                    
                   </span>
                  </span>
                 </div>
                </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                <td class="editor-cell-text" colspan="1" style="line-height:1.5;background-color:#E9F2F9;width:100%;padding:5px 10px 15px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
                 <div>
                  <em style="color:#105C8E">
                   <a data-linktext="William R. Scott" data-linktype="Normal" style="color:#105C8E" target="_blank">
                    William R. Scott
                   </a>
                   author of The Itchy 
Palm.
                  </em>
                 </div>
                </td>
               </tr>
              </tbody>
             </table>
            </td>
            <td class="editor-six-col editor-cell-text" colspan="1" height="1" style="width:16.6667%;background-color:#E9F2F9;height:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
            </td>
           </tr>
          </tbody>
         </table>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="24" style="width:100%;height:24px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img 
src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:left;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          Key Fact
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad30">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;padding:10px 30px;line-height:1.7;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:top;font-size:16px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
         <div>
          The U.S. federal minimum wage for tipped workers has remained at $2.13 per hour since 1991, with tips expected to make up the 
difference, effectively shifting much of the labor cost burden to consumers.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          This structural mechanism makes the entire tipping system self-perpetuating. Point-of-sale providers like Square and Toast also play a significant, often overlooked, role, as they earn transaction fees on the full payment amount, including tips.
         </div>
         <div>
          <br/>
         </div>
         <div>
          This creates a financial incentive embedded in the software to maximize tip amounts. The psychological design of tip screens further compounds this, utilizing deliberate 
choices such as rotating the screen toward the customer, maintaining eye contact during selection, and defaulting to 20% as the lowest option, perhaps, all to manufacture social pressure that physical cash never had.
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr class="trpad10">
        <td class="editor-cell-text td100" colspan="6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;padding:15px 10px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;text-align:left;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          Brief History
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="editor-email-codeblock" style="margin: 11px; font-size: 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center">
          <table style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px">
           <thead>
            <tr>
             <th style="width:120px;background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;padding:10px;text-align:left;font-weight:600">
              Date
             </th>
             <th style="background-color:#105C8E;color:#FFFFFF;padding:10px;text-align:left;font-weight:600">
              Event
             </th>
            </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-weight:600;color:#105C8E;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Early 1900s
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              An anti-tipping movement gains considerable traction in the U.S., with many Americans opposing it as an aristocratic and demeaning practice. Several states attempt to ban tipping outright.
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-weight:600;color:#105C8E;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              1991
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              The U.S. federal minimum wage for tipped workers is set at $2.13 per hour, where it has remained since, cementing tips as a primary component of server wages.
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-weight:600;color:#105C8E;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Post-2000s
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#FEFEFE;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Point-of-sale providers, such as Square and Toast, emerge and integrate tipping prompts into payment processing, earning transaction fees on the full amount, including tips.
             </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-weight:600;color:#105C8E;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Present
             </td>
             <td style="padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #D0E0EA;vertical-align:top;background-color:#EFF5F8;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              Point-of-sale systems increasingly utilize psychological design, such as rotating screens toward customers, maintaining eye contact during selection, and defaulting to 20% as the lowest tip option, to maximize contributions.
             </td>
            </tr>
           </tbody>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" height="15" style="width:100%;height:15px;font-size:1px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
         <!--[if mso]><img src="//editor.ne16.com/spacer.gif" style="mso-hide:all;border:0;"><![endif]-->
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="center" class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="ruleContent">
          <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:0 #9B9B9B;height:2px;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#256A98;color:#9B9B9B;margin:0 auto;border-left-width:0;border-right-width:0">
           <tr>
            <td style="font-size:2px;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;line-height:2px;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif">
            </td>
           </tr>
          </table>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
          <tbody style="padding:0;margin:0;touch-action:auto">
           <tr style="margin:0">
            <td align="center" style="padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
             <a id="pad-desktop" style="display:block;color:#105C8E">
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         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;text-align:left;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          Watch This
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         <div>
          <span style="color:#555D68">
           The Wall Street Journal explains the expansion of tipping culture.
          </span>
         </div>
        </td>
       </tr>
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                    <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
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                        <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px">
                         <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                         <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Noto Sans,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;  border: 
none; display: block; ">
                          Watch now
                         </a>
                         <!--<![endif]-->
                         <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/9770801/2/1009502/?x=d786b3a6" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Noto Sans,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;  border: none; display: block; ">Watch now</a><![endif]-->
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         <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;text-align:left;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
          Poll
         </h2>
        </td>
       </tr>
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        <td class="td100" colspan="6" style="width:100%;vertical-align:top;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
         <div class="editor-email-poll" data-pollid="adf39978-fde7-4939-94b0-6e78b04e5740">
          <h2 style="mso-line-height-rule:exactly;Margin:0;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold">
           Do point-of-sale systems influence your tipping decisions?
          </h2>
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           <br/>
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          <div class="editor-poll-answers classic">
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              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:none; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace:0; mso-table-rspace:0; mso-margin-top-alt:0px; mso-margin-bottom-alt:0px; mso-padding-alt: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" width="100%">
                <tbody>
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                  <td height="40" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto 
Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                   <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: 1px solid #105C8E; display: block; " target="_blank">
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-moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; padding-right:20px;mso-padding-right-alt: 20px;padding-left:20px;mso-padding-left-alt: 20px;padding-top:20px;mso-padding-top-alt: 20px;padding-bottom:20px;mso-padding-bottom-alt: 20px; " width="100%">
                    <tbody>
                     <tr>
                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; " width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            Yes, I often tip more due to screen prompts and social 
pressure.
                           </a>
                           <!--<![endif]-->
                           <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/9771297/1/1009502/?abb9e380=ZTRmYjBkNTItYjk2My00Mjg3LWIyYmItMTEyYWMyZmRkMGJj&x=51c1248d" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">Yes, I often tip more due to screen prompts and social 
pressure.</a><![endif]-->
                          </td>
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                    </tbody>
                   </table>
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              </td>
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           </table>
           <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 8px 0;" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:none; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; 
mso-table-lspace:0; mso-table-rspace:0; mso-margin-top-alt:0px; mso-margin-bottom-alt:0px; mso-padding-alt: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" width="100%">
                <tbody>
                 <tr>
                  <td height="40" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                   <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: 
none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: 1px solid #105C8E; display: block; " target="_blank">
                   </a>
                   <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="newButton" height="40" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; padding-right:20px;mso-padding-right-alt: 20px;padding-left:20px;mso-padding-left-alt: 20px;padding-top:20px;mso-padding-top-alt: 20px;padding-bottom:20px;mso-padding-bottom-alt: 20px; " width="100%">
                    <tbody>
                     <tr>
                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; " width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            Sometimes, I'm subtly influenced but usually stick to my plan.
                           </a>
                           <!--<![endif]-->
                           <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/9771298/1/1009502/?abb9e380=ZTRmYjBkNTItYjk2My00Mjg3LWIyYmItMTEyYWMyZmRkMGJj&x=d0225ff1" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: 
#FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">Sometimes, I'm subtly influenced but usually stick to my plan.</a><![endif]-->
                          </td>
                         </tr>
                        </tbody>
                       </table>
                      </td>
                     </tr>
                    </tbody>
                   </table>
                  </td>
                 </tr>
                </tbody>
               </table>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
           <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 8px 0;" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:none; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace:0; mso-table-rspace:0; mso-margin-top-alt:0px; mso-margin-bottom-alt:0px; mso-padding-alt: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" width="100%">
                <tbody>
                 <tr>
                  <td height="40" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                   <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: 1px solid #105C8E; display: block; " target="_blank">
                   </a>
                   <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="newButton" height="40" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; 
padding-right:20px;mso-padding-right-alt: 20px;padding-left:20px;mso-padding-left-alt: 20px;padding-top:20px;mso-padding-top-alt: 20px;padding-bottom:20px;mso-padding-bottom-alt: 20px; " width="100%">
                    <tbody>
                     <tr>
                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; 
border-radius: 5px; " width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            No, I always tip what I intended regardless of the system.
                           </a>
                           <!--<![endif]-->
                           <!--[if mso]><a 
href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/9771299/1/1009502/?abb9e380=ZTRmYjBkNTItYjk2My00Mjg3LWIyYmItMTEyYWMyZmRkMGJj&x=982a140d" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">No, I always tip what I intended regardless of the 
system.</a><![endif]-->
                          </td>
                         </tr>
                        </tbody>
                       </table>
                      </td>
                     </tr>
                    </tbody>
                   </table>
                  </td>
                 </tr>
                </tbody>
               </table>
              </td>
             </tr>
            </tbody>
           </table>
           <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0;" width="100%">
            <tbody>
             <tr>
              <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:none; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace:0;
mso-table-rspace:0; mso-margin-top-alt:0px; mso-margin-bottom-alt:0px; mso-padding-alt: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" width="100%">
                <tbody>
                 <tr>
                  <td height="40" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                   <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: 
Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: 1px solid #105C8E; display: block; " target="_blank">
                   </a>
                   <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="newButton" height="40" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; padding-right:20px;mso-padding-right-alt: 20px;padding-left:20px;mso-padding-left-alt: 20px;padding-top:20px;mso-padding-top-alt: 20px;padding-bottom:20px;mso-padding-bottom-alt: 20px; " width="100%">
                    <tbody>
                     <tr>
                      <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px" valign="middle">
                       <table bgcolor="#105C8E" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; " width="100%">
                        <tbody>
                         <tr>
                          <td align="center" bgcolor="#105C8E" style="text-align:center;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
                           <!--[if !mso]><!-->
                           <a style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">
                            I rarely encounter such systems.
                           </a>
                           <!--<![endif]-->
                           <!--[if mso]><a href="https://www.ne16.com/t/10726570/226416231/9771300/1/1009502/?abb9e380=ZTRmYjBkNTItYjk2My00Mjg3LWIyYmItMTEyYWMyZmRkMGJj&x=f53aa382" target="_blank" style="-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: 
none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;  border: none; display: block; ">I rarely encounter such systems.</a><![endif]-->
                          </td>
                         </tr>
                        </tbody>
                       </table>
                      </td>
                     </tr>
                    </tbody>
                   </table>
                  </td>
                 </tr>
                </tbody>
               </table>
              </td>
             </tr>
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